It means that you're a follower of Jesus Christ, you believe that he is the Son of God, that The Bible is God's word (and that all in it, being God's word, is true), and try to follow it as closely as possible.
As for how it became applied to the followers, I'll simply say that his name was Jesus Christ, and so the following of him is Christianity...
"Christian" was first used in the city of Antioch. It was actually a term used negatively towards the followers of Jesus Christ.
We are not told what the followers of Jesus were first called, but not long after His resurrection we come across the name, "The Way". Possibly because Jesus was the "way" to God the Father in Heaven. Then later at the church in Antioch followers of Jesus were called Christian and have been known by that name ever since.
It came from Judaism. Jesus was a Jew and so was all his followers
Yes. Jesus was Jewish. He was (is) the Jewish Messiah that modern followers of Judaism are still waiting for. In the first century, all of the first followers of Jesus were Jewish.
No not at all. Only Christ will come again.
No, Jesus, the Christian son of God, was stated to be from what is Palestine today
Yes John did send his followers to Jesus to find out if Jesus was the messiah.
The question is not clear, Jesus Christ the Messiah was born to Mary in Bethlehem.
Niether. He is the God of the Christians and the Jews. He doesn't have a religion as He is the centerpiece of worship to all who will come to Him (Acts 17:30,31).
There are many followers of Jesus Christ who come to him in many different ways, but not necessarily chosen of him. Jesus talks of those who want to follow him, thus: Luke 9.23. And he said to [them] all, If any [man] will come after me, let him deny himself, and take up his cross daily, and follow me.
BECOME A CHRISTIAN FIRST AND THEN SAY IN THE NAME OF JESUS COME OUT
Jesus returning is part of Christian mythology. It won't happen so the question is moot.