An electron
it would be probably cation as it carries a positive charge in electrolysis and is attracted towards negative electrode
No, that would be a neutron. A proton is a nuclear particle with a mass of 1 AMU and a 1+ charge
The term nucleon is applied to any particle that makes up an atomic nucleus. That means it can be applied to either a proton or a neutron (but only when we are talking about them as the components of an atomic nucleus). The nucleon with the positive charge is the proton. You'll recall that the neutron is a neutral particle; it has no charge.
Electrons would be attracted to a proton due to their opposite charges. The positive charge of the proton exerts an attractive force on the negatively charged electron, causing them to be attracted to each other.
proton (a particle)
The particle would be a positively charged subatomic particle, such as a proton. This particle would have a small mass and would be found within the nucleus of an atom. Its positive charge would attract negatively charged particles like electrons.
positive charges
Yes and no. Technically speaking the charge of a subatomic particle such as an electron or proton is always the same, this is why they are called constants. However, the methods that have been employed to determine the actual value of the elementary charge may not be the correct value. This would be due to experimental error, etc.
A positively charged particle in an atom is the proton. Protons are found in the nucleus of the atom along with neutrons, and they carry a positive charge equal in magnitude to the negative charge of the electron. The number of protons in the nucleus determines the atomic number of an element.
What elementary particles do would depend on what type of particle they are. For example, there are antimatter particles, force particles, and matter particles.
An Alpha particle
It could be considered merely a quibble, but the proton has not been considered to be an "elementary particle" for many decades now. :-}However, as far as "what energy is needed for an electron to break up a proton?" The question, I suppose is: What would you consider to be "broken up", as far as an electron hitting a proton is concerned? I suppose you wouldn't consider the capture of the electron by the proton, to become a neutron (with the emission of an electron neutrino) to be "breaking up" the proton. So what does qualify?If one would only accept a "breaking up" of the proton into constituent quarks for an answer, then I'm afraid we may never be able to accommodate you, due to the energetic nature of the "strong" nuclear force (Quantum Chromo-Dynamics, QCD).Would "breaking" the proton into a bunch of pions be sufficient? I'm not sure this is known, but, at least as far as I know, it may be possible. (One must supply sufficient energy to create three anti-quarks, and a little extra to get them to separate. The hard part is getting this result rather than something like a proton and an anti-proton, or other somewhat similar result.)