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An Impedance Tube is one way of measuring the sound absorption of a material. This apparatus is a metal tube of a few inches in diameter and about 5 feet or so in length. The sample material is secured at one end, and a loudspeaker at the other end. The magnitude of the sound standing waves is measured along the centre of the tube, by a travelling microphone. From this is calculated the sound absorption.
The Reverberant Room method. In a large ( a few hundred cu m volume), room constructed with hard reflective walls, the Reverberation Time is measured at many frequencies and positions in the room. This gives a number called T60, and is the time a sound takes to decay by 60 dB. (decibels) This measurement is repeated both with and without the sound absorbent material in position. Usually a sample size of 10 m2 or so is needed. Rather special rooms are needed to give reproducible results.
From these measurements, the sound absorption is computed.
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