The Eurasian peoples moving west - Goths, Vandals, Huns, Franks, Bulgars and others.
The leaders of the Roman empire during its decline were the emperors.
The rule of Commudus marked the beginning of decline of the Roman Empire. A sudden rise in inflation during his reign damaged the credit market. This led to reduced distance trade, a disrupting of Rome's mining operations and the transfer of gold outside the empire by invading enemies, all served to diminish the money supply and banking.
The period of disorder after the decline of the Roman Empire led to an extended period of disunity during the Middle Ages that was characterized by feudalism.
The decline of the Ottoman Empire and the rise of nationalism during the Ottoman Empire.
Urbanization was able to grow rapidly in India during the Maurya empire.
The Mughal Empire weakened during the 1700s due to a combination of factors, including internal strife, ineffective leadership, and economic decline. The empire faced increasing regional autonomy as local rulers and governors asserted their power, leading to fragmentation. Additionally, external pressures from emerging European powers, particularly the British, further destabilized the empire. This decline culminated in the loss of control over territories and resources, ultimately paving the way for colonial domination.
* The German Empire. * The Austria-Hungarian Empire. * The Ottoman Empire. * Bulgaria
After Mansa Musa, the famous ruler of the Mali Empire, his son Mansa Magha succeeded him. Mansa Magha ruled during a time when the empire faced challenges, including internal strife and external pressures. His reign is often considered less significant compared to that of his father, as the empire began to decline during his rule. The Mali Empire eventually lost much of its territorial control and influence after his time.
The fall of the Roman empire
The Spanish Empire peaked in the late 16th century, particularly during the reign of King Philip II, around the 1580s. This period marked Spain's height of territorial expansion, wealth from the Americas, and dominance in European politics. However, after this peak, the empire began to experience gradual decline due to various internal and external challenges.
Marcus Aurelius faced several enemies during his reign, primarily the Germanic tribes, such as the Marcomanni and Quadi, who invaded the Roman Empire's northern borders. He also dealt with the Parthian Empire in the East, which posed significant military challenges. Additionally, there were internal threats, including the rise of rival claimants to the imperial throne. Aurelius's philosophical writings reflect his struggles against both external and internal adversaries.
The decline of the Roman Empire during the Third and Fourth Centuries AD was marked by a combination of internal strife and external pressures. Political instability, characterized by a rapid turnover of emperors and civil wars, weakened central authority. Additionally, economic troubles, including inflation and reliance on slave labor, hampered productivity. Concurrently, invasions by barbarian tribes and the rise of competing powers further eroded Rome's territorial integrity and military strength.