pressure and heat
The first fossil records of vascular plants that is land plants with vascular tissues Fossil ferns and seed ferns include Pecopteris Cyclopteris
Ancient plants.
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Ferns, along with other plant materials, have transformed into fossil fuels over millions of years due to a combination of factors. Key processes include the accumulation of plant matter in anaerobic environments, where decomposition is limited, leading to the formation of peat. Over time, geological pressures and heat cause physical and chemical changes, converting peat into coal, oil, or natural gas. Additionally, the specific conditions of sedimentation and geological activity have influenced the types and locations of fossil fuel deposits.
The ferns have been compressed into 'coal' and we use coal as a source of energy - hence 'fossil fuels'.
Ferns appeared in fossil records about 360 million years ago.
Usually volcanic eruptions and age.
Canada once had a much warmer climate.
It is coal
Ferns and their fossil remains have been found on every continent
The plants known as seed ferns were ancient, fern-like plants that produced seeds instead of spores for reproduction. They thrived during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras, with fossil evidence indicating they were widespread and diverse. Despite their name, seed ferns were not true ferns, but early gymnosperms that eventually gave rise to modern seed plants.
The absence of fossil ferns or primitive pine trees in the Onondaga Formation is likely due to the specific environmental conditions during its formation, which occurred in a marine setting approximately 375 million years ago. During this time, the area was dominated by shallow seas, where organisms like crinoids, corals, trilobites, and brachiopods thrived. Ferns and primitive pine trees, being terrestrial plants, would not have been present in these marine environments, leading to their absence in the fossil record of this formation.