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Two factors, both related to the availability of energy and presence of mutagens.

First, the sun was much dimmer two billion years ago; it provided about 30% less heat, and less radiation. Second, there was very little free molecular oxygen in the atmosphere. Most organisms were anaerobe. Oxygen-based metabolisms are much more energetic than anaerobe metabolisms, and on top of that, oxygen-based chemistry provides much more free radicals, which act as mutagens. So life back then was slower, as well as mutation rate.

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Q: What factors made evolution move slowly for the first two billion years of life on earth?
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