ore and coke
Iron and steel production for 1938 for the major world powers is available. With hindsight being a so-called 20-20 element, the iron and steel production of France and England fall millions of tons behind the production of Germany. To a large degree this is surprising in that the fears of another world war were a real fear.As an aside the US led the world in producing iron and steel in 1938 with the USSR in second place.
As of 2021, it is estimated that approximately 2.5 billion metric tons of iron have been mined throughout history. Iron ore is one of the most abundant minerals on Earth and has been extracted for thousands of years for use in various applications, primarily in steel production. The total amount mined continues to grow as global demand for steel remains high. However, precise figures can vary based on different sources and methods of estimation.
Steel was relatively consistently produced in India and china and Europe by about 300bc. Falcatas, a spanish sword type, made of steel have been dated to 400bc and steel from Noricum was famous during these times. Swords from Noricum have been dated from 300bc and onwards. The quality of the iron ore was essential in those days, so steelmaking was probably restricted to smiths with access to ore from certain rare mines. steel was became widespread in east Africa at a early date and in nubia in ancient times around 315 b.c. or earlier and more so in later ancient times. Steel was known in antiquity, and may have been produced by managing the bloomery so that the bloom contained carbon.Some of the first steel comes from East Africa, dating back to 1400 BC in Tanzania. Iron and steel manufacturing technology was present in the Eastern African nations of Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya, , and others dating back to the 7th century B.C and in Tanzania in earlier. The smelters used to make iron and steel were far superior to that used by the rest of the world. Until 200 years ago European steel making technology consisted of "bloom" iron production and "cold-blast" steel production. The Haya of Tanzania , Yoruba of Nigeria and a certain of other groups in Africa used technology in their steel furnaces that pre-heated the air to produce carbon steel that was significantly more advanced than European steel
Copper-plated steel has been used since 1993.
Moravia's coal and steel industries face challenges primarily due to declining demand for coal and steel products, which has been exacerbated by environmental concerns and a shift towards renewable energy sources. Additionally, aging infrastructure and the need for modernization make it difficult for these industries to remain competitive. Economic pressures, such as rising production costs and global competition, further complicate their ability to adapt and thrive. Consequently, these factors contribute to a significant decline in employment and investment in the region.
Rheem furnaces are one ot the better known brand on the market today. They get high marks for durability and have been around a long time. Consumer Reports ranks it in the top five of all companies.
Fuel efficiency in a gas furnace is measured in AFUE (Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency). Furnaces primarily run on natural gas or electricity. Furnaces that are used to boil water are called boilers. The term furnace also refers to the various types of metallurgical furnaces, used for smelting and other metalworks, as well as industrial furnaces, which are used in various industrial applications such as chemical plants and providing heat to chemical reactions. Furnaces can be classified into four general categories, based on efficiency and design, natural draft, forced-air, forced draft, and condensing. The first category of furnaces are natural draft, atmospheric burner furnaces. These furnaces consisted of cast-iron or riveted-steel heat exchangers built within an outer shell of brick, masonry, or steel. The heat exchangers were vented through brick or masonry chimneys. Air circulation depended on large, upwardly pitched pipes constructed of wood or metal. The pipes would channel the warm air into floor or wall vents inside the home. This method of heating worked because warm air rises. The system was simple, had few controls, a single automatic gas valve, and no blower. These furnaces could be made to work with any fuel simply by adapting the burner area. They have been operated with wood, coke, coal, trash, paper, natural gas, fuel oil as well as whale oil for a brief period at the turn of the century. Furnaces that used solid fuels required daily maintenance to remove ash and "clinkers" that accumulated in the bottom of the burner area. In later years, these furnaces were adapted with electric blowers to aid air distribution and speed moving heat into the home. Gas and oil-fired systems were usually controlled by a thermostat inside the home
The production of steel, in itself, is part of industrial growth. The steel produced helps advance a nation's economy and industrial growth in that steel is a basic product that goes into the production of railroads, buildings, war equipment, domestic products, ship building, and a huge variety of products. The ability to produce these products is industrialization. Without the steel industry, an economies growth is hampered. If the steel has to be imported, then it makes production costs of other products more costly, although not always. This depends on the imported price of steel. In general terms however, a nation with a strong steel making capacity is on its way to economic growth.
The Kuznetsk Basin in Russia is similar to the Ruhr Valley in terms of its industrial history and concentration of coal mines and steel production. It is also known as the Kuzbass region and has been a major coal mining area in Russia.
China's main source of energy is coal, accounting for a significant portion of its energy supply. In recent years, China has been investing in renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydropower to diversify its energy mix and reduce its reliance on coal.
Yes.
Sadly, your rifle has been out of production for a LONG time. You can check with Marlin thru their website, or have a gunsmith check his sources for used parts.