Whoever is above in rank of that person.
Dynastic.
Authority can be given to someone by position (as in a job title or promotion) or it can be assumed by a person's attitude and knowledge on a subject. For example, if 15 random people were stranded on a desert island, a person with experience or knowledge of survival skills would probably be seen as an authority.
The person to whom Congress gives the authority to conduct war and command the military is the President of the United States at that time.
In a democracy authority comes from the people.
A letter of authority authorizes some specific type of action, such as a withdrawal from an account. Power of attorney gives a more general authority to act legally on behalf of another person.
It is probably called a Monarchy. Absolute Monarchy
The Parliament does
Adjudication means to give power, right, or authority.
Rights
What government gives the supreme authority to the states
What government gives the supreme authority to the states
What government gives the supreme authority to the states