A patent.
technology
In the US, the Constitution gives Congress the right to give creators and inventors exclusive rights for a limited time.
Stockholders
A patent.
Patent protection allows inventors to ascribe value to their hard work, and gives them an opportunity to derive an income from it.
A common stock gives the investor part ownership in the corporation, right to a percentage of the company's future profits and voting rights at the annual stockholders' meeting. With preferred stock the holder does not have voting rights in the corporation. The holder however, are guaranteed a certain amount of dividend each year.
stockholders
stockholders
Patent protection gives inventors a temporary monopoly, more or less as a reward for coming up with the idea, and as a period of exclusivity where they can recoup any investment made in the development of the idea.
Amendment 2 gives you the rights to bear arms
Intellectual property law gives creators and inventors a limited monopoly, by giving them exclusive rights to exploit their works for a limited time. The intention is to give them an opportunity to draw income from the work: a pharmaceutical company, for example, may spend billions of dollars researching a drug; the 20 years of exclusivity gives them a fighting chance at recouping that investment, so they can spend it on the next project.
The 6th amendment gives people accused of crimes certain rights.