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A:All the New Testament gospels were originally anonymous until the early Church Fathers set out in the second century to establish who probably wrote them. Papias is credited with attributing the first gospel to Matthew, however modern scholars say there is no good reason to accept that attribution. Scholars also point out that the book could not have been written by an eyewitness to the events portrayed. They have established that Matthew's Gospel was substantially based on Mark's Gospel, with some sayings material from the hypothetical 'Q' document. Its author knew nothing about the life and mission of Jesus outside these sources.

Papias' reasoning in attributing the gospel to the disciple Matthew seems to have been based on the unique treatment of Matthew in this gospel. Mark's Gospel refers to Levi, son of Alphaeus, as a tax collector whom Jesus called to follow him (Mark 2:14). However, for some reason, Mark never again refers to Levi, but introduces other disciples including Matthew and James, son of Alphaeus, as disciples in the full list of the twelve disciples (verses 3:14-19). Disciples are not meant to change their minds when called by Jesus to follow him, and the author of Matthew resolves this by not mentioning Levi and by having Matthew as the disciple who was a tax collector. As a tax collector, Matthew would have been literate and therefore a candidate to be a gospel author.

The evidence is conclusive that Matthew was not really the author of the gospel that now bears his name.

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