Very few. One known as the Calico could hold 100 cartridges.
Traffic crashes kill more people each year than bullets from handguns. According to statistics, traffic crashes are a leading cause of death worldwide, claiming millions of lives annually.
"Powerful" is somewhat of a subective term, but the answer is yes. 5.56 is a rifle cartridge and 9mm, assuming you mean 9mm parabellum, is a handgun cartridge. Under normal circumstances, bullets fired from rifles will have more velocity and more muzzle energy than bullets fired from handguns.
Very simply put, a rifle is designed to shoot accurately at a longer distance and bullets fired from a longer barrel will travel further with more acccuracy.
Factory and aftermarket magazines are available for nearly all semi-automatic handguns with possible capacities of 30 rounds or more. Glock 9mm models are available with 33 round magazines and even drum mags that hold more than that. For the largest "flush fit" factory magazine capacity, the Springfield XDm 9mm holds 19 rounds in the mag, and the FN 5.7 pistol can hold 20 rounds.
It depends on which bullet. According to Wiki, the Concord can travel at 1330 MPH, which converts to approximately 1950 feet per second. Some bullets travel faster than that, some travel slower, especially bullets fired from handguns.
They are properly called cartridges, or shotshells (not bullets)- and the answer depends on which shotgun. Some hold 1 shell, some 2, 3 or (rarely) as many as 14. A standard pump shotgun can hold 5 shotshells, but most hunting regulations do not allow more than 3.
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More than some, less than others.
If you are unsure, take it to a gunsmith. There are more than one type of "38 bullets"
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No, eagles are not twice as fast as bullets. Bullets can travel at speeds exceeding 500 miles per hour, which is more than double than the fastest bird on Earth's speed.
There are a lot more than 2 types.