Then that is a snooker, either created by yourself or your opponent. Depending on how you play the shot you will receive foul points.
if its professional snooker its a foul and a miss if its amateur snooker its just a foul
A foul shot or foul stroke
The black ball is put back on the table and the players try to pot it in order to win.
In snooker no it is not a foul
A foulmiscue
It is a foul. Depending on specifically what happened, the opposing player will be awarded a set amount of points, either 4, 5, 6 or 7.
No the foul can only be given during the other players turn.
No, if your score is zero and you play a foul shot your opponent gains points.
No. A jump shot, either intentional or unintentional, is a foul stroke.
Technical foul
The only way is if you pot 12 reds at once. Anything else would be a foul shot.
As the game would finish level, the black would be re-spotted and the person to pot it first wins.