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Assuming you are referring to the power supply failing in your 20A device, it could cause the 30A breaker protecting the receptacle to trip. It depends on the mode of failure. It is easy to imagine a condition where a short in the power supply could cause a current in excess of 30A to flow to the device and trip the breaker.

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Q: What happens when a 20amp device connects to a 30amp receptacle and the power supply fails - will it trip the breaker?
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