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Analog signals are found all around us in nature. Light levels, for example, have infinitely variable levels and when captured by cameras are represented as a voltage that can also have an infinite number of levels. Computers are not good at handling analog values so they are converted to numbers.

An analog video signal is normally in the voltage range of 0V - 1V. An analog to digital converter samples the analog level and converts it to a number in the range of 0 to 256 or 0 to 1024. Instead of an infinite number of different levels, the digital signal will be limited to one of the numbers in the range. The sample is taken millions of times each second and a stream of numbers is created to represent a moving image.

Computers are much happier using the numbers and can manipulate the data with ease. Additionally, they numbers can be stored in memory or on a hard disk and can be retrieved whenever needed.

Analog to digital conversion is a complex discipline and in practical applications, the process is more complex than described here although the principles do not change.

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