I'm pretty sure large robots with laser guns have not been used yet. However, this has been addressed. Here is hoping that the mega laser bots can keep the blacks from voting at all this 2012!
Not court orders but Literacy Tests
they created poll taxes and literacy tests to stop African Americans from voting; the taxes succeeded because the newly freed African Americans had been forbidden to read as slaves, and had little, or no money to vote with.
The 15th amendment in 1870 gave then voting rights, although poll taxes, literacy tests, and the grandfather clause(says u can't vote if your grandfather was a slave) prevented most blacks in the south from voting for many years after.
There were no presidential elections in 1965. There was the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which outlawed discriminatory voting practices that had been responsible for the widespread disenfranchisement of African Americans in the United States.
The Voting Rights Act of 1964, was signed into law in August, 1965, making various tactics such as literacy tests and poll taxes as a condition for voting. The practices had been set in place by Southern states after the Civil War to deliberately take away the Constitutional voting rights of African Americans.
The Jim Crow laws prevented African Americans from voting, having equal rights for schools, housing, medical care, and everyday needs. It wasn't until the 1964 Civil rights movement and act that many of the things that had been denied to African Americans for over a 100 years was finally achieved. Today there is an effort in some states to roll back some of the civil rights that have been gained. This is especially true with voting rights. Restrictions have been put in place that are written to effectively stop some groups of people from voting. This includes African Americans, the poor, and older people.
To Women African-American’s right to vote
Most African American had not learned to read while they were slaves
The Voting Rights Act of 1965: a landmark piece of national legislation in the United States that outlawed discriminatory voting practices that had been responsible for the widespread disenfranchisement of African Americans in the U.S.
Grandfather clauses required all voters to prove that their grandparents had voted for them to be able to exercise the right to vote. This effectively prevented African-Americans from voting since their grandparents were usually slaves.
African Americans have always been welcome in france
African Americans have been a minority group since they were brought to the Americas.