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Yes and no. Our atmosphere is part of the earth, and when you see the blue sky you are actually seeing the light scattered by the atmosphere. Of course if you think of the sky as going all the way to the distant stars, then you are no longer talking about the earth's atmosphere.
Yes
The orbit gets larger
Earth isn't in the atmosphere - the atmosphere is part of Earth.
the sun
Telescope or binoculars
Telescope or binoculars
Telescope or binoculars
The effects of "twinkling" is caused by the Earth's atmosphere.
The adjective "celestial" means pertaining to matter beyond the earth's atmosphere.
Yes and no. Our atmosphere is part of the earth, and when you see the blue sky you are actually seeing the light scattered by the atmosphere. Of course if you think of the sky as going all the way to the distant stars, then you are no longer talking about the earth's atmosphere.
Stars twinkle due to the scattering effect of earth's atmosphere. In space this is no atmosphere, thus they do not twinkle. The sky is black in space because there is no scattering of light as there is in the atmosphere. The earth appears blue from space due to the color of the gases in the atmosphere, and their reflected light on large bodies of water.
Earth has one moon, the Moon. I don't know what you mean by "heavenly bodies".
Yes
The moon sometimes appears to have a ring (or halo) around it because of light diffraction in the Earth's upper atmosphere, usually due to ice crystals high in the atmosphere.
No. It is a meteor that appears as a brief streak in the sky as it burns up going through Earth's atmosphere.
The orbit gets larger