All flights require some form of photographic ID.
You can get to Scotland by air, through airports such as Edinburgh and Glasgow; by train, arriving at cities like Edinburgh and Glasgow; or by ferry from various locations in England and Northern Ireland to ports in Scotland. Additionally, there are bus and car options available for traveling to Scotland.
I know that as traveling as an American into England I needed my passport and to fill out the forms about where I was going, why and how long I would be there. I imagine it is the same for Brazilian's They are pretty strict.
England and Scotland share a land border, so you can travel between them by road or rail or you could fly. Ireland is on a separate island, so to go from England or Scotland to Ireland you would have to fly or go by boat.
It depends. If you are an English or Welsh citizen, then you can certainly cross the border into Scotland without any passport. It's all the same nation, the United Kingdom. If you are a foreign national, then you will need a passport to enter the UK, whether you are trying to arrive at (for example) Manchester Airport in England, or Glasgow Airport in Scotland. However assuming you gained legal entry to England, you can then travel around the UK as there are no border checks in between England and Scotland, or Scotland and Wales.
No.
Not if they start the journey in England.
You need photographic ID for ANY flight!
You will not require a passport to travel from Sunderland, England to Falkirk, Scotland.
this question doesn't make sense as Scotland is in the UK. If you mean "do you need a passport to travel between England and Scotland" then the answer is no. Unless you are flying, in which case you will need some form of photo ID such as a passport or driving license.
You don't need identification unless you plan to use a special railcard which gives you discount on a fare.
No, as both are part of the United Kingdom.
Usually, when you travel locally, you need your valid identification card. An example would be your drivers license. You might also need your passport if you travel by air.