Many instruments can be used
The visible light spectrum cameras
Infrared cameras
Spectrometers
Radar
anywhere. Just buy an ordinary monitor and remove and discard the outer shell!
A Telescope
No, weather is not the current state of the lithosphere. Weather refers to the atmospheric conditions at a specific place and time, like temperature, precipitation, and wind. The lithosphere is the rigid outer layer of the Earth that includes the crust and part of the upper mantle.
"Near Mars" is "outer space". The only weather is solar weather.
A goat's outer covering consists of hair or fur. This hair can vary in length, texture, and color depending on the breed of the goat. Goats shed their coat seasonally to adapt to changing weather conditions.
The protective outer layer of trees is called the bark. It helps protect the tree from external threats such as pests, diseases, and harsh weather conditions. Bark also serves as a protective barrier that aids in water retention and nutrient transport.
The sky
The mission of the space probe in outer space is to find out information about regions that are too far to see with telescopes. The space probe looks for life on other planets and weather conditions, asteroids, and other things that can affect the earth.
The outer core is under great pressure and heat
organisms respond to the changes of weather and seasons.
Sweater weather typically refers to cooler temperatures where a sweater or light knitwear is sufficient to keep warm. Jacket weather usually indicates colder temperatures where a heavier outer layer, such as a jacket or coat, is necessary for adequate warmth. Sweater weather is transitional and can be more moderate, while jacket weather indicates colder conditions.
If by that you mean, weather its an outer or inner planet then Saturn is an outer planet...the 6th planet in our solar system.