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What are the differences between Sunnis and Shiites during Hajj?

All the five legal schools agree that there are three kinds of Hajj: tamattu`, qiran, and ifrad. They also agree that by Hajj al-tamattu` is meant performance of the acts of the `Umrah during the months of the Hajj. The acts of the Hajj itself are performed after getting through the `Umrah. They also agree that by Hajj al‑'ifrad is meant performing the Hajj first and then, after getting through the acts of the Hajj, getting into the state of ihram for performing the `Umrah and its related acts.According to the Imamiyyah school, the Hajjal-qiran and Hajj al‑'ifrad are one and the aqiran brings the hady at the time of assuming the ihram. Then it is obligatory upon him to offer what he has brought. But one who performs the Hajj al‑'ifrad has essentially no obligation to offer the hady.In brief, the Imamiyyah do not consider it permissible to interchange two different ihram's,1or to perform the Hajj and the `Umrah with a single niyyah (intention) under any condition; but the other legal schools permit it in Hajjal-qiran. They say that it has been named `al‑qiran'because it involves union between the Hajj and the `Umrah. But the Imamiyyah say that it is because of the additional feature of the hady accompanying the pilgrim at the time of ihram.According to the Imamiyyah school, Hajjal-tamattu` is obligatory upon one living at a distance of over forty‑eight miles from Mecca, and he may not choose any other kind except in emergency. The Hajj al-qiran and Hajj al‑'ifrad are performable by the people of Mecca and those living around it within a distance of forty‑eight miles, and it is not permissible for them to perform except one of these two kinds. The Imamiyyah base their argument on this verse of the Qur'an:فَمَنْ تَمَتَّعَ بِالْعُمْرَةِ إِلَى الْحَجِّ فَمَا اسْتَيْسَرَ مِنَ الْهَدْيِ فَمَنْ لَمْ يَجِدْ فَصِيَامُ ثَلَاثَةِ أَيَّامٍ فِي الْحَجِّ وَسَبْعَةٍ إِذَا رَجَعْتُمْ تِلْكَ عَشَرَةٌ كَامِلَةٌ ذَٰلِكَ لِمَنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ أَهْلُهُ حَاضِرِي الْمَسْجِدِ الْحَرَامِ…if any one wishes to continue the 'umra on to the hajj, He must make an offering, such as he can afford, but if he cannot afford it, He should fast three days during the hajj and seven days on his return, Making ten days in all. This is for those whose household is not in (the precincts of) the Sacred Mosque…..(2:196)Moreover, according to the Imamiyyah school, it is not permissible for one obliged to perform the Hajjal-tamattu` to change over to something else, except for the problem of shortage of time available, or, in the case of women, due to impending menses. In those cases it is permissible to change either to al‑qiran or al‑'ifrad on condition that the `Umrah is performed after the Hajj. The limit of the shortage of time is failure to be present at the wuquf in `Arafat until noon.Mawaqit al‑'IhramThe ihram is compulsory for all the various kinds of Hajj as well as' `Umrah, and is regarded as their basic element (rukn) by the Imamiyyah, and as obligatory by other schools. All the five schools agree that the miqat of the people of al‑Madinah from where they assume ihram is Masjid al‑Shajarah, also known as Dhu al‑Hulayfah; 1for the pilgrims of al‑Sham (which includes the Syrians, the Lebanese, the Palestinians and the Jordanians, noting further that the routes have changed from what they used to be in the past), Morocco and Egypt the miqat is al‑Juhfah;2for the pilgrims of Iraq, it is al‑`Aqiq;3for those from Yemen and others who take the same route, it is Yalamlam. 4According to the Imamiyyah, Qarn al‑Manazil 5is the miqat for the people of al‑Ta'if and those who take their route towards Makkah. But according to the four Sunni schools, it is the miqat of the people of Najd. The miqat for those from Najd and Iraq according to the Imamiyyah is al‑`Aqiq. All the legal schools agree that these mawaqit also apply to those who in their journey take similar routes, even though they may not be natives of those regions.For instance, if a Syrian starts on Hajj from al‑Madinah, it is permissible for him to assume ihram from Dhu al‑Hulayfah; if he starts on Hajj from Yemen, his miqat is Yalamlam; if from Iraq, then al‑`Aqiq, and so on. If one does not pass the mentioned mawaqit on his route, the miqat for him is the place parallel to any one of them.If someone lives at a place nearer to Makkah than any of the prescribed mawaqit, then he assumes ihram from the place of his residence. For, someone who resides in Makkah itself, his miqat is Makkah. For one performing the al‑`Umrat al‑mufradah, the mawaqit, according to the Imamiyyah, are the same as for the Hajj.Ihram Before MiqatThe four Sunni legal schools agree on the permissibility of assuming ihram before the point of miqat, but disagree as to which has greater merit. According to Malik and Ibn Hanbal, ihram before miqat is more meritorious (afdal). According to Abu Hanifah, the merit lies in assuming ihram while starting the Hajj journey from one's town: Two opinions are ascribed to al‑Shafi'i in this regard.However, according to the Imamiyyah school, ihram before miqat is not permissible except for one who intends to perform the `Umrah in the month of Rajab and is afraid of missing it if ihram is delayed until miqat is reached, and for one who makes a vow (nadhr) to assume ihrambefore the miqat. (al‑Tadhkirah, Fiqh al‑Sunnah)Ihram after MiqatThere is consensus among all the legal schools that it is not permissible to cross the miqat without ihram, and one who does so must return to the miqat for assuming ihram. If he does not return, according to the four Sunni schools, his Hajj is correct though he should offer a hadyin atonement. But if there be any impediment, such as fear of insecurity on the way or shortage of time, there is no sin. This, regardless of whether there are other mawaqit before him on his path or not.According to the Imamiyyah, if he has deliberately neglected to assume ihram at the miqat while intending to perform the Hajj or the `Umrah, if he does not turn back to the miqat, there being no other miqat before him from which he can assume ihram, his ihram and Hajj are invalid, whether he had a valid pretext for not returning or not.But if his failure to assume ihram at miqat was on account of forgetfulness or ignorance, if it is possible to return, he must do so; but if it is not possible, then from the next miqat before him. Otherwise he ought to assume ihramas far as possible outside the haram of Makkah, or within it; though the former is preferable. (al‑Tadhkirah, al‑Fiqh `ala al‑madhahib al‑'arba`ah)Ihram before the Hajj MonthsAccording to the Imamiyyah and Shafi'i schools, the ihrambefore the months of the Hajj is invalid if assumed with the purpose of Hajj, though it is valid when assumed for the purpose of the `Umrah. They cite in this regard the Qur'anic verse:الْحَجُّ أَشْهُرٌ مَعْلُومَاتٌThe pilgrimage is (performed in) the well-known months…(2:197):But according to the Hanafi, Maliki and Hanbali schools, it is permissible with karahah. (al‑Tadhkirah, Fiqh al‑Sunnah)The Mustahabbat of IhramThere is no disagreement among the legal schools with respect to the ihram being an essential rukn of the `Umrah and all the three forms of the Hajj, namely, tamattu; qiran and ifrad. Also, there is no difference of opinion that ihram is the first act of the pilgrim, irrespective of whether his purpose is `Umrah mufradah, or any of the three forms of Hajj. There are certain wajibat and mustahabbat related to the ihram.The legal schools agree that it is mustahabb for anyone intending ihram to cleanse his body, clip his fingernails, shorten his moustaches, and to take a bath (even for women undergoing hayd or nifas, for the aim is cleanliness). It is also mustahabb for one intending Hajj to abstain from cutting the hair of his head from the beginning of the month of Dhu al‑Qi'dah, to remove the hair from his body and armpits, and to enter ihram after the zuhr (noon) or any other obligatory prayers. It is also mustahabb to pray six, four or at least two raka`at. However, freedom from the state of ritual impurity (hadath) is not a condition for the ihram to be valid.According to the Hanafi and Maliki schools, if water is not available, one is relieved of the duty to take the bath (ghusl), and tayammum as an alternative is not permissible. According to the Hanbali and Shafi'i schools, tayammum substitutes ghusl. The Imamiyyah jurists differ on this matter, some consider it permissible, others not.According to the Imamiyyah school, it is mustahabb to leave the hair of the head uncut, but according to the Shafi'i, Hanafi and Hanbali schools, it is mustahabb to shave the head. (al‑Fiqh `ala al‑madhahib al‑'arba`ah)According to the Hanafi school, it is sunnah for one who wants to assume ihram to scent his body and clothes with a perfume whose trace does not remain after ihram except the smell. According to the Shafi'i school, it is sunnah, except when one is fasting, to apply perfume to the body after the bath. Also, perfuming the clothes does not matter. According to the Hanbali school, one may perfume the body; and the clothes with karahah. (al‑Fiqh `ala al‑madhahib al‑'arba `ah)According to the Hanafi, Maliki and Shafi'i schools, it is mustahabb for the muhrim to pray two raka'atbefore assuming ihram after the noon prayer or any other obligatory prayer. If he has no obligatory prayer to make at the time of ihram, he should offer six, or four or at least two raka`at for the ihram. (al‑Jawahir)Al‑ 'IshtiratAl‑Muhaqqiq al‑Hilli, the Imamiyyah scholar, in his work Tadhkirat al‑fuqaha', says that for one intending ihram it is mustahabb to make a condition with God at the time of assuming ihram, by saying:اللهم اني أريد ماأمرتني به، فإن منعتني مانعٌ عن تمامه وحبسني عنه حابسٌ فجعلني في حل.O God, indeed I wish to fulfill Thy command, but if any impediment keeps me from completing it or a barrier obstructs me from it, exonerate me.Abu Hanifah, al‑Shafi'i, and Ahmad ibn Hanbal also consider it mustahabb. However, this ishtirat does not help in relieving one of the obligations of the Hajj if he were to encounter an impediment which keeps him from getting through it.The Wajibat of IhramThe wajibat of ihram, with some difference between the legal schools on some points, are three: niyyah(intention); talbiyah; and putting on of the clothes of ihram.Al‑NiyyahObviously niyyah or intention is essential to every voluntary act; for every such act is motivated by conscious intent. Therefore, some scholars have pointed out that had we been assigned a duty to be performed without intention it would have been impossible to be carried out. However, when the question of intention is raised in relation to the pilgrim (of the Hajj or the `Umrah), what is meant is whether he becomes muhrim solely on account of the niyyah or if something else is required in addition, acknowledging that ihram is void if assumed frivolously or absent‑mindedly.According to the Hanafi school, ihram is not considered to commence solely with intention unless it is accompanied by the utterance of the talbiyah (Fath al‑qadir).According to the Shafi'i, Imamiyyah and Hanbali schools, the ihram is assumed merely by niyyah (al‑Jawahir, Fiqh al‑Sunnah). The Imamiyyah add that it is obligatory for the niyyah to coincide with the commencement of ihram, and it is not sufficient for the act of niyyah to occur in the course of assuming ihram.Also while making the niyyah it is essential to specify the purpose of ihram, whether it is Hajj or `Umrah, whether it is Hajj al‑tamattu; Hajj al‑qiran or Hajj al‑'ifrad, whether he is performing the Hajj for himself or as a na'ib of someone else, whether for the obligatory Hajj (Hijjat al‑'Islam) or for something else. If one assumes ihram without specifying these particulars, postponing their determination to future, the ihram is invalid. (al‑`Urwat al‑wuthqa).According to the Hanafi text al‑Mughni, "It is mustahabb to specify the purpose of ihram. Malik is of the same opinion. Two opinions are ascribed to al‑Shafi'i. According to one of them, it is adequate if one assumes ihram with a general, non‑specific purpose of pilgrimage... without determining the exact purpose, whether Hajj or `Umrah. The ihram thus assumed is valid and makes one a muhrim.... Afterwards, he may select any of the kinds of pilgrimage." All the five schools agree that if one assumes ihram with the intention to follow another person's intention, his ihram is valid if the other person's purpose is specific. (al‑Jawahir; al‑Mughni)The TalbiyahThat the talbiyah is legitimate in ihram is acknowledged by all the five schools, but they disagree as to its being wajib or mustahabb, and also about its timing. According to the Shafi`i and Hanbali schools, it is sunnah, preferably performed concurrently with ihram. However, if the intention to assume ihram is not accompanied by talbiyah, the ihram is correct.According to the Imamiyyah, Hanafi, 6[28] and Maliki schools, the talbiyah is obligatory, though they differ about its details. According to the Hanafi school, pronouncement of talbiyah or its substitute‑‑such as tasbih, or bringing along of the sacrificial animal (al‑hady)‑‑is a provision for ihram to be valid. According to the Maliki school, the ihram neither becomes invalid if talbiyahis recited after a long gap of time, nor if it is not pronounced altogether. However, one who fails to pronounce it must offer a blood sacrifice.According to the Imamiyyah, neither the ihram for Hajj al‑tamattu; nor Hajj al‑'ifrad, nor their conjugate `umrahs, nor for al‑`Umratal‑mufradah, is valid without talbiyah. However, one who intends to perform Hajj al‑qiran may choose between. talbiyah, ish'ar7or taqlid; ish'ar for this school being exclusively restricted to a camel, though taqlid may apply to a camel or the other forms of hady.The Formula of Talbiyahلبيك اللهم لبيك، لا شريك لك لبيك، إن الحمد والنعمة لك والملك لا شريك لكAll the legal schools agree that taharah is not a proviso for pronouncing talbiyah. (al‑Tadhkirah).As to its occasion, the muhrim starts reciting it from the moment of ihram, being mustahabb for him to continue it‑‑all the five schools agree‑‑until the ramy of Jamarat al‑`aqabah. To utter it loudly is mustahabb for men (not for women), except in mosques where prayers are offered in congregation, particularly in the Mosque of `Arafat. According to the Imamiyyah school, it is mustahabbto discontinue reciting the talbiyah on sighting the houses of Makkah. A woman may recite the talbiyah just aloud enough to be heard by herself or someone near her. It is also mustahabb to proclaim blessings on the Prophet and his Family (s). (al‑Tadhkirah; Fiqhal‑Sunnah).The Muhrim's DressAll the five schools agree that it is not permissible for a muhrim man to wear stitched clothing, shirts or trousers, nor may he cover his face. Also, it is not permissible for him to wear shoes (khuffan) except when he cannot find a pair of sandals (na`lan), 8and that after removing the covering on the back of the heels from the base. A woman, however, should cover her head, keep her face exposed, except when she fears that men may ogle at her.It is not permissible for her to wear gloves, but she may put on silk and wear shoes (khuffan). According to Abu Hanifah, it is permissible for a woman to wear gloves. (al‑Tadhkirah; Ibn Rushd's al‑Bidayah wa al‑nihayah).The book al‑Fiqh `ala al‑madhahib al‑'arba`ah, under the heading `That which is required of one intending ihrambefore he starts to assume it', states, "According to the Hanafi school, among other things he wears izar (loin‑cloth) and rida' (cloak). The izar covers the lower part of the body from the navel to the knees. The rida' covers the back, the chest and the shoulders, and its wearing is mustahabb.According to the Maliki school, it is mustahabb to wear izar, rida and na`lan; but there is no restriction on wearing something else that is not stitched and does not encircle any of the parts of the body.According to the Hanbali school, it is sunnah to put on a new, white and clean rida' and izar together with a pair of na`lan before assuming ihram. According to the Shafi`i school, the rida' and izar should be white, new or washed ones.According to the Imamiyyah school, the rida' and the izar are obligatory, preferably (istihbaban) of white cotton. The muhrim may put on more than these two pieces of clothing on condition that they are not stitched. Also it is permissible to change the clothes in which one commenced ihram, though it is better to perform the tawaf in the same rida' and izar as worn at the beginning.All the requirements of the dress for salat apply to the dress of ihram, such as taharah, its being non‑silken for men, not made of the skin of an animal eating whose flesh is not permissible. According to some Imamiyyah legists, clothing made of skin is not permissible (in salat and ihram).In any case, the disagreement between the legal schools about the muhrim's dress is very limited. This is well indicated by the fact that whatever is regarded as permissible by the Imamiyyah is also considered permissible by the remaining schools.Restrictions of IhramThere are certain restrictions for the muhrim, most of which are discussed below.MarriageAccording to the Imamiyyah, Shafi'i, Maliki and Hanbali schools, it is not permissible for the muhrim to contract marriage for himself or on behalf of another. Also he may not act as another's agent for concluding a marriage contract, and if he does, the contract is invalid.Furthermore, according to the Imamiyyah school, he may not act as a witness to such a contract.According to Abu Hanifah, marriage contract is permissible and the contract concluded is valid.According to the Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi`i and Imamiyyah schools, it is permissible for the muhrim to revoke divorce of his former wife during the period of her `iddah. According to the Hanbali school, it is not permissible. From the viewpoint of the Imamiyyah, if one enters a marriage contract with the knowledge of its prohibition, the woman becomes haram for him for life merely by the act of concluding the contract, even if the marriage is not consummated. But if done in ignorance of the interdiction, she is not prohibited to him, even if consummation has been affected. (al‑Jawahir Fiqh al‑Sunnah; al‑Fiqh `ala al‑madhahib al‑'arba`ah).IntercourseAll the five legal schools agree that it is not permissible for the muhrim to have sexual intercourse with his wife, or to derive any kind of sexual pleasure from her. If he performs intercourse before tahlil9(i.e. relief from the state of ihram) his Hajj becomes void, although he must perform all its acts to the conclusion. Thereafter, he must repeat the Hajj the next year, performing it `separately' from his spouse. 10The seclusion is obligatory according to the Imamiyyah, Maliki and Hanbali schools, and voluntary from the viewpoint of the Shafi'i and Hanafi schools. (al‑Hada'iq; Fiqh al‑Sunnah).Moreover, according to the Imamiyyah, Shafi'i, and Maliki schools, besides the fact that his Hajj becomes invalid, he must sacrifice a camel in atonement, and according to the Hanafi school, a sheep.All the five legal schools agree that if he commits intercourse after the first tahlil (i.e. after the halq or taqsir in Mina, after which everything except intercourse‑‑and also perfume according to the Imamiyyah school‑‑become permissible for the pilgrim), his Hajj is not void, nor is he called upon to repeat it. Nevertheless, he must offer a camel, according to the Imamiyyah and Hanafi schools and according to one of the two opinions ascribed to al‑Shafi'i. But according to the Maliki school, he is obliged to offer a sheep only. (al‑Hada'iq; Fiqh al‑Sunnah).If the wife yields willingly to intercourse, her Hajj is also void, and she must sacrifice a camel in expiation and repeat the Hajj the year after. But if she was forced, then nothing is required of her, but the husband is obliged to offer two camels: one on his own behalf, and the second on hers. If the wife was not in the state of ihram, but the husband was, nothing is required of her, nor is she did not oblige to offer anything in atonement, nor is anything required of the husband on her account. (al‑Tadhkirah).If the husband kisses his wife, his Hajj is not void if it does not result in ejaculation. On this all schools are in agreement. But according to the four Sunni schools, he is obliged to make a sacrificial offering in atonement even if it be a sheep. The Imamiyyah author of al‑Tadhkirah says, the sacrifice of a camel is obligatory only if the kiss is taken with sexual desire, otherwise he should sacrifice only a sheep. If he ejaculates, the Hajj is void according to the Maliki school, but remains valid according to the other schools, although he should make an offering in atonement, which is a camel according to the Hanbali school and a group of Imamiyyah legists, and a sheep according to the Shafi'i' and Hanafi schools. (al‑Hada'iq; al‑Mughni).Use of PerfumeAll the legal schools agree that the muhrim, man or woman, may not make use of any perfume, either for smelling, or for applying on himself, or for scenting edibles. Indeed it is not permissible to wash the dead body of a muhrim, or to perform hunut upon it by applying camphor or any other kind of perfumery. If the muhrim uses perfume forgetfully or on account of ignorance, he needs not make any offering in atonement according to the Imamiyyah and Shafi'i schools. But according to the Hanafi and Maliki schools, he must make a sacrificial offering (fidyah). In this relation two different opinions are ascribed to Ahmad ibn Hanbal.However, when one is forced to use perfume on account of disease, it is permissible and no fidyah is required. According to the Imamiyyah school, if one uses perfume intentionally, he must offer a sheep, irrespective of the use, whether applied to the body or eaten. However, there is nothing wrong in the Khaluq of Ka'bah even if it contains saffron, and the same applies to fruits and aromatic plants. (al‑Jawahir).Use of KohlAl‑Tadhkirah states: "There is consensus among the Imamiyyah legists on the point that darkening the eyelids with kohl or applying a kohl containing perfume is not permissible for the muhrim, man or woman. Apart from that (i.e. ihram) it is permissible." According to the author of al‑Mughni, "Kohl containing antimony is makruh, and does not require any fidyah. I haven't come across any different opinion on this topic. However, there is no karahah in use of kohl without antimony, as long as it does not contain any perfume."Shortening of Nails and Hair; Cutting of TreesAll the five legal schools agree about impermissibility of shortening the nails and shaving or shortening of the hair of the head or the body in the state of ihram, fidyah being required of the offender. 11As to cutting of trees and plants within the haram, all the legal schools agree that it is impermissible to cut or uproot anything grown naturally without human mediation.Al‑Shafi'i' states that there is no difference between the two with regard to the prohibition, and fidyah is required for both: cutting of a big tree requires fidyah of a cow, and of other plants of a sheep. According to Malik, cutting of a tree is a sin, though nothing is required of the offender, regardless of whether it has grown with or without human mediation.According to the Imamiyyah, Hanafi, and Hanbali schools, cutting of something planted by human hands is permissible and does not require a fidyah; but anything grown by nature requires fidyah, which is a cow according to the Imamiyyah for cutting a big tree and a sheep for cutting smaller plants. According to the Hanafi school, the owner of the tree is entitled to a payment equivalent to the cost of the hady. (Fiqh al‑Sunnah, al‑Lum`ah)All the five schools agree that there is no restriction for cutting a dry tree or for pulling out withered grass.Looking into a MirrorIt is not permissible for a muhrim to look into a mirror, and all the five schools agree that there is no fidyah for doing so. However, there is no restriction on looking into water.Use of HennaAccording to the Hanafi school, it is permissible for the muhrim, man or woman, to dye with henna any part of his body, except the head. According to the Shafi`i school, it is permissible, with. the exception of hands and feet. According to the Hanafi school, dyeing is not permissible for the muhrim,man or woman. (Fiqh al‑Sunnah)The predominant view among the Imamiyyah legists is that dyeing is makruh not haram.(al‑Lum`ah)Use of Shade; Covering the HeadAll the five schools agree that it is not permissible for the muhrim man to cover his head voluntarily. According to the Maliki and Imamiyyah schools, it is not permissible for him to immerse himself under water until the head is completely submerged, although it is permissible for him, all the five schools except the Shafi'i agree, to wash his head or pour water over it. The Malikis say that with the exception of the hands it is not permissible to remove dirt by washing. If he covers the head forgetfully, nothing is required of him according to the Imamiyyah and Shafi'i schools, but a fidyah is required according to the Hanaf i school.All the schools, with the exception of the Shafi'i, agree that it is impermissible for the muhrim to shade himself while moving. Neither it is permissible for him to ride an automobile, an aeroplane or the like, which are covered by a roof. But it is permissible while walking to pass under a shadow.12Stitched Clothing and RingAll the five schools agree that it is forbidden for the muhrim man to wear stitched clothes and clothes which encircle body members, e.g. turban, hat and the like. These are permissible for women, with the exception of gloves and clothes which have come into contact with perfume. According to the Imamiyyah school, if the muhrim wears stitched clothes forgetfully, or in ignorance of the restriction, nothing is required of him. But if one wears them intentionally to protect himself from heat or cold, he should offer a sheep. Also according to them it is not permissible to wear a ring for adornment, but it is permissible for other purposes. Also, it is not permissible for woman to wear jewellery for the sake of adornment.`Fusuq' and Jidal'God, the most Exalted, says in the Quran:…فَلَا رَفَثَ وَلَا فُسُوقَ وَلَا جِدَالَ فِي الْحَجِّ ۗ…....There should be no obscenity, neither impiety, nor disputing in Hajj ....' (2:197).In the above verse, the meaning of `rafath' is taken to be sexual intercourse, to which reference has been made earlier. `Fusuq' is taken to mean lying, cursing, or commission of sins. In any case, all of them are forbidden for the pilgrims of Hajj and the non‑pilgrims as well. The stress here is meant to emphasize abstention from them in the state of ihram. The meaning of jidal' is quarrelling. According to an Imamiyyah tradition from al‑'Imam al‑Sadiq (`a), he is reported to have said, "It (i.e. jidal' in the above‑mentioned verse) means using such expressions as `Yes, by God!' or `No, by God!' in conversation. This is the lowest degree of jidal"According to the Imamiyyah school, if the muhrim tells a lie for once, he must offer a sheep; if twice, a cow; if thrice, a camel. And if he swears once taking a veritable oath, there is nothing upon him; but if he repeats it three times, he is obliged to sacrifice a sheep.Cupping (Hijamah)All the five schools agree on permissibility of cupping in case of necessity, and the four Sunni schools permit it even when not necessary as long as it does not require removal of hair. The Imamiyyah legists disagree on this issue; some of them permit it and others not. (al‑Tadhkirah; al‑Fiqh `alaal‑madhahib al‑'arba`ah)Hunting (al‑Sayd)All the five schools are in agreement about the prohibition on hunting of land animals, either through killing or through dhabh, and also on guiding the hunter or pointing opt the game to him in the state of ihram. Also prohibited is meddling with their eggs and their young ones. However, hunting of the animals of water is permitted and requires no fidyah. This, in accordance with the Qur'anic verse:أُحِلَّ لَكُمْ صَيْدُ الْبَحْرِ وَطَعَامُهُ مَتَاعًا لَكُمْ وَلِلسَّيَّارَةِ وَحُرِّمَ عَلَيْكُمْ صَيْدُ الْبَرِّ مَا دُمْتُمْ حُرُمًا وَاتَّقُوا اللَّهَ الَّذِي إِلَيْهِ تُحْشَرُونَPermitted to you isthe game of the sea and the food of it, as a provision for you and for the journeyers; but forbidden to you is the game ofthe land, so long as you remain in the state of ihram: and fear God, unto whom you shall be mustered. (5:96)The prohibition on hunting within the precincts of the haram apply to the muhrim and the non‑muhrim(muhill) equally. However, outside the haram, the prohibition applies only to the muhrim. If the muhrimslaughters a game, it is considered maytah (a dead animal not slaughtered in accordance with ritual requirements), and its flesh is unlawful for all human beings. The five legal schools agree that the muhrim may kill a predatory bird called hada'ah, crows, mice and scorpions. Others include wild dogs and anything harmful.According to the Imamiyyah and Shafi'i schools, if the game hunted on land resembles some domestic beast in shape and form (like the Oryx, which resembles the cow), he has the choice between:(1) giving the meat of one of similar beasts of his livestock in charity after slaughtering it;(2) estimating its price and buying food of the amount to be given in expiation and charity to the needy, distributing it by giving two mudds (the muddis a dry measure equal to 800 grams) to every individual;(3) fasting, a day for every two mudds.The Malikis hold the same viewpoint, except that, they add, the price of the hunted animal itself should be estimated, not that of its domestic equivalent. The Hanafis say that one who hunts in the state of ihram should arrange for the estimated price of the hunted animal, whether there is a domestic animal similar to it or not. When the price has been estimated, he is free to choose between:(1) purchasing livestock of the money and giving its meat away in charity;(2) giving it from his own livestock;(3) purchasing food of the amount to be given away in charity;(4) fasting, a day for every mudd of food to be given away. (al‑Tadhkirah; Fiqh al‑Sunnah)In this connection all the legal schools base their position on this Qur'anic verse:يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لَا تَقْتُلُوا الصَّيْدَ وَأَنْتُمْ حُرُمٌ وَمَنْ قَتَلَهُ مِنْكُمْ مُتَعَمِّدًا فَجَزَاءٌ مِثْلُ مَا قَتَلَ مِنَ النَّعَمِ يَحْكُمُ بِهِ ذَوَا عَدْلٍ مِنْكُمْ هَدْيًا بَالِغَ الْكَعْبَةِ أَوْ كَفَّارَةٌ طَعَامُ مَسَاكِينَ أَوْ عَدْلُ ذَٰلِكَ صِيَامًا لِيَذُوقَ وَبَالَ أَمْرِهِ عَفَا اللَّهُ عَمَّا سَلَفَ وَمَنْ عَادَ فَيَنْتَقِمُ اللَّهُ مِنْهُ وَاللَّهُ عَزِيزٌ ذُو انْتِقَامٍO believers, slay not the game while you are in the stateof ihram. Whosoever of you slays it wilfully, there shall be reparation‑‑the like of what he has slain, in livestock, as shall be judged by two men of equity among you, as offering on reaching the Ka`bah; or expiation‑‑food for poor persons or the equivalent of that in fasting, so that he may taste the mischief ofhis action. God has pardoned what is past; but whoever offends again, God will take vengeance on him; God is All‑mighty, Vengeful.(5:95)The meaning of the phrase: يَحْكُمُ بِهِ ذَوَا عَدْلٍ in the above verse is that two equitable (`adil) witnesses should judge whether a certain domestic animal is similar to the hunted wild beast. The meaning of the phrase: هدياً بالغ الكعبة is that he should slaughter the equivalent livestock and give its meat in charity on arrival in Makkah.According to the Imamiyyah work al‑Shara'i`, "Every muhrim who wears or eats anything forbidden for him should slaughter a sheep, regardless of whether his action was intentional, forgetful, or on account of ignorance."TawafTawaf is an essential part (rukn) of `Umrah, and the tawaf al‑ziyarah (also called `tawaf al‑'ifadah') is a rukn of the Hajj al‑tamattu; Hajj al‑'ifrad and Hajj al‑qiran. As said earlier, the assumption of ihram is the first act of the pilgrim regardless of whether he comes for `Umrah mufradah or for any of the three types of Hajj.Now, after the assuming of ihram, what is the next step for the pilgrim? Is it tawaf, or wuquf, or something else? The answer is: it depends on the purpose (niyyah) with which the pilgrim assumes ihram. If it is `Umrah, then the next step is tawaf, regardless of whether it is `Umrah mufradah or `Umrat al‑tamattu`' Thus tawaf is the second step for the mu'tamir (pilgrim intending `Umrah), by agreement of all the legal schools.However, if the purpose of ihram is Hajj only‑‑such as in the case of pilgrim on Hajj al‑'ifrad, or one intending to perform the Hajj al‑tamattu` after getting through the acts of `Umrah‑‑the second step is (as shall be explained later) wuquf in `Arafat.In other words, one who enters Makkah with the sole purpose of `Umrah or Hajj al‑tamattu` performs tawaf before everything else, then sa'y and then taqsir. After this, if on Hajj al‑tamattu`, he assumes ihram for a second time; but he is not required to perform another tawafafter this ihram. The tawaf (pertaining to the Hajj acts), as we shall explain, comes after getting through the wuquf at `Arafat and passage through Mina.Kinds of `Umrah in View of the Ahl al‑SunnahThe imams of the four Sunni schools distinguish between three kinds of tawaf:1. Tawaf al‑QudumIt is the tawaf performed by the `outsiders', (i.e. those coming from outside Makkah and from beyond its outskirts within a radius of 88 kms.) on entry into Makkah. It is similar to the two raka'at of salat performed as tahiyyat al‑masjid (lit. `greeting of the mosque'), and so is also called `tawaf al‑tahiyyah'' The four Sunni schools agree on its being mustahabb, and no penalty is required for default according to all except the Malikis who require a blood sacrifice.2. Tawaf al‑ZiyarahThis tawaf (also called `tawaf al‑'ifadah')is performed by Hajj pilgrims after getting through the acts of Mina, the ramy of jamarat al‑`aqabah, the sacrifice (dhibh), and the halq or the taqsir.The pilgrim performs this tawaf on returning to Makkah. It is called `tawaf al‑ziyarah' because it is performed on the visit (ziyarah) to the Ka'bah after leaving Mina. It is called `tawaf al‑'ifadah' because the pilgrims pour forth (`ifadah' means `pouring forth') into Makkah from Mina. It is also called `tawaf al‑hajj' because by consensus of all the schools it is rukn of the Hajj.After performing this tawaf all things become permissible for the (Sunni) Hajj pilgrim, even sexual intimacy with women. The Imamiyyah, who disagree, say that sex is not permitted before performing the sa'y between Safa and Marwah followed by a second tawaf, which they call `tawaf al‑nisa'.' This shall be further clarified presently.3. Tawaf al‑Wada`It is the last tawaf performed by the Hujjajbefore departing from Makkah. The Hanafi and Hanbali schools consider it obligatory, though all that is required of the defaulter is a sacrifice. The Malikis consider it mustahabband do not require any penalty for the default. Al‑Shafi'i has two opinions on this matter. (al‑Mughni, al‑Fiqh `ala al‑madhahib al‑'arba`ah, Fiqh al‑Sunnah)Kinds of Tawaf from the Imamiyyah ViewpointThe Shi`ah agree with the Sunni schools about the legitimacy of the above three kinds of tawaf, and regard the second tawaf i.e. tawaf al‑ziyarah as a rukn of the Hajj whose omission makes the Hajj invalid. 1However, the first kind, i.e. tawaf al‑qudum is considered mustahabb, and may be omitted. Regarding the third, i.e. tawaf al‑wada; they agree with the Ma1iki school in its being mustahabb, there being nothing on the defaulter.However, the Shi`ah add another kind of tawaf to the above three, the tawaf al‑nisa', which they consider obligatory, its omission being impermissible in `Umrah mufradah as well as in all the three kinds of Hajj (i.e. tamattu; qiran, and ifrad). They do not permit its omission except in case of `Umrat al‑tamattu;considering the tawaf al‑nisa' performed during the course of Hajj al‑tamattu` as sufficient.The schools of the Ahl al‑Sunnah state that there is no obligatory tawaf after the tawaf al‑ziyarah, after which sexual intimacy is permissible. The Shi'ah say that it is obligatory upon the pilgrim, after performing tawaf al‑ziyarah and the sa'y, to perform another tawaf, the tawaf al‑nisa; which derives its name precisely because of the sanction of permissibility of relations with women (nisa') following it.They say that if the pilgrim defaults in regard to this tawaf, sexual relations are forbidden for man and woman (for men even the conclusion of marriage contract), unless he/she performs it in person or deputes another to perform it on his/her behalf; and if he/she dies without performing it or without deputing someone to do it for him/her, it is incumbent upon the heir (wali) to have it performed on the behalf of the dead person.According to them, even in case of a mumayyiz child who fails to perform the tawaf al‑nisa' while performing the Hajj, even if he omits it by mistake or on account of ignorance, women are forbidden to him after adulthood nor he may conclude a marriage contract (`aqd) unless he performs it himself or deputes another for the job.To summarize, the Shi`ah consider three tawaf's to be obligatory for the pilgrim on the Hajj al‑tamattu`: (1) the tawaf of the conjugate `Umrah, of which it is rukn;(2) the tawaf al‑ziyarah (or tawaf al‑hajj), which is a rukn of the Hajj; and (3) the tawaf al‑nisa', which is also an obligatory part of it, though not a rukn similar to the Surat al‑Fatihah in relation to the salat. The Ahl al‑Sunnah agree with the Shi`ah in all except tawaf al‑nisa; which they do not recognize. However, of a pilgrim on the Hajj al‑'ifrad or Hajj al‑qiran, only two tawaf's are required by the Shi`ah. 2Entry into MakkahAll the schools agree that it is mustahabb for one entering Makkah to take a bath, pass through its heights during the approach towards the city, enter through Bab Bani Shaybah, raise his hands on sighting al‑Bayt al‑Haram, pronounce takbir and tahlil, and to recite whatever he can of certain prayers prescribed by tradition. The Malikis, however, disagree about the istihbab of raising the hands for the du'a'.Thereafter, he approaches the Black Stone; if possible kisses it or caresses it with his hand or else just makes a gesture with his hand, and prays.According to the Imamiyyah, it is mustahabb while entering the haram of Makkah to be barefooted, to chew the leaves of a plant called `adhkhir' used for refreshing the mouth, or to clean the mouth to purge its odour.The Conditions (Shurut) of TawafAccording to the Shafi'i, Maliki, and Hanbali schools ritual purity (taharah, i.e. freedom from hadath and khabath) is required; thus the tawaf of one who is Junub or a woman undergoing hayd or nifas, is not valid. Also, it is necessary to cover one's private parts completely as in salat.The author of the Fiqh al‑Sunnah (p. 154, 1955) says: "In the opinion of the Hanafis, freedom from hadath is not an essential requirement. However, it is an obligation whose omission may be compensated through a blood sacrifice. So, if one performs tawaf in the state of minor impurity (hadath asghar) his/her tawaf is valid, though one is required to sacrifice a sheep. If tawaf is performed in the state of janabah or hayd, 3the tawaf is valid, though the sacrifice of a camel is required during the pilgrim's stay in Makkah."According to al‑Fiqh `ala al‑madhdhib al‑'arba `ah(vol.I, p. 535, 1939): "The taharah of the clothes, the body, and the location of prayer (in salat) is (only) a highly recommended sunnah (sunnah mu'akkadah) from the Hanafi viewpoint; (this is true) even of tawaf, there being no penalty even if all the clothes are completely ritually unclean (najis)."According to the Imamiyyah, taharah from hadathand khabath is a proviso for validity of an obligatory tawaf. In the same way, covering the private parts (satr al‑`awrah) with a ritually clean cloth legitimately owned (ghayr maghsub) is also a requirement. Moreover, it should not be made of silk or the skin of an animal whose flesh may not be eaten, nor made of golden fabric ‑‑requirements which are the same as for salat.It may be said that the Imamiyyah are even more stringent with regard to tawaf than salat. They consider a blood spot of the size of a dirham as pardonable for one performing salat, but not for one performing tawaf.Further, they consider wearing of silk and gold as impermissible even for women during tawaf (which is permissible for women in salat). According to the Imamiyyah, circumcision is a requirement for tawaf without which it is invalid, both for an adult man and a child (al‑Jawahir, al‑Hada'iq).The manner of Performing TawafAccording to the Imamiyyah and Hanbali schools, the purpose or niyyah must be specified in every tawaf; but according to the Maliki, Shafi`i and Hanbali schools, a general niyyah for the Hajj issufficient and no separate niyyah for tawaf is required. (al‑Jawahir, Fiqh al‑Sunnah) As pointed out earlier, niyyah as a motive behind all voluntary actions is an inevitable and necessary matter; as such, debate and controversy regarding it is futile.Ibn Rushd, in his Bidayat al‑mujahid, writes: "The Sunni legists are in consensus on the opinion that every tawafwhether obligatory or not, begins from the Black Stone (and according to the Fiqh al‑Sunnah ends thereat). The pilgrim, if he can, kisses it, otherwise touches it with his hand. Then, with the Ka'bah on his left, starts moving towards the right to make the seven circumambulations, walking with a moderately fast pace (ramal) during the first three rounds and with an ordinary pace during the last four rounds. (The ramal 4applies to the tawaf al‑qudum performed on entry into Makkah by the `Umrah and Hajj pilgrim, not one on Hajjal‑tamattu; also no ramal is required of women pilgrims). Then he kisses al‑Rukn al‑Yamani" (the south‑western corner or rukn of the Ka'bah which falls before the one with the Black Stone mounted on it during the anti‑clockwise rounds made during tawaf.‑‑Tr.).According to the Imamiyyah, there are certain things obligatory (wajib) in tawaf they are as follows:1. The niyyah, to which reference has already been made.2. The tawaf should be made on foot, and in case of inability on a mount. Many Imamiyyah fuqaha' do not recognize this requirement and a group of them explicitly permit tawaf on a mount. They cite the precedent of the Prophet (s) who performed tawaf on camelback, according to traditions in al‑Kafi and Man la yahduruhu al faqih.3. The condition that the tawaf should begin and end at the Black Stone is stated in this manner in many books of fiqh: "The tawaf should be begun at the Black Stone, so that the first part of one's body is in front of the first part of the Black Stone. Then the pilgrim begins moving with the Black Stone on his left, ending the last circumambulation exactly in line with the point where he commenced his first, thus ensuring that the seven rounds are completed without advancing or falling behind a single step or more.The danger of advancing or falling behind necessitates that the first circumambulation should commence at the beginning of the Black Stone; because if begun in front of its middle, one cannot be sure of having advanced or fallen behind some steps; and if one began from its end, then the beginning may not be said to have commenced from the Black Stone ...." and so on and so forth.The author of the Jawahir al‑kalam makes elaborate critical remarks about this kind of meticulousness, which show his balanced and moderate taste and temperament. This is the substance of what he has to say: "The difficulty and the exasperating haraj (impediment) inherent in realizing such a requirement is not concealed .... To give it consideration is to fall into silly scruples. The debate is similar to the depraved and unseemly musings of madmen. 5And it has been narrated of the Prophet (s) that he performed tawaf on camelback, and attaining this kind of precision is infeasible when on a mount."That which can be understood from the remarks of the author of al‑Jawahir is that he agrees with the author of al‑Shara'i`, who confines himself to this statement, without adding another word: "It is obligatory to begin and end the tawaf at the Stone." It means-as is also apparent from his above‑mentioned remarks‑‑that in the opinion of the author of al‑Jawahir it is sufficient to fulfil this condition in the commonly understood sense. Al‑Sayyid al‑Hakim, in al‑Munsik, holds a similar position when he says, "The pilgrim performing tawaf should begin a little before the Stone with the intent of performing what is really obligatory. When he performs in this fashion he knows that he began at the Stone and finished thereat."4. The Ka'bah must be on the left during tawaf. According to al‑Sayyid al‑Khu'i, it is sufficient to realize this requirement in the commonly understood sense (i.e. without giving scrupulous attention to precision); slight shifts of direction do not matter as long as the movement meets the requirement in the ordinary sense. According to him the only crucial factor is satisfaction of the requirement in its ordinary sense.5. The Hajar Isma'il must be included in tawaf. That is the circumambulation should be made around it and without entering it, 6and it should be kept to the left while making the tawaf. Thus if one passes between it and the Ka'bah during tawaf making it fall to his right, the tawaf becomes invalid.6. The body should be completely out of the Ka'bah (because God says وَلْيَطَّوَّفُوا بِالْبَيْتِ الْعَتِيقِwhich means that tawaf should be made around and ‑outside the Ka'bah, not inside it). Also if one were to walk on its walls or on the protruding part of its walls' foundations, the tawaf would be invalid.7. The tawaf should be performed between the Ka'bah and the rock called Maqam Ibrahim, which is a stone on which Abraham (`a) stood during the building of the Ka'bah.8. The tawaf should consist of seven rounds, no more and no less. Obviously, recognition of these points requires an informed guide to indicate them to the pilgrims.After finishing tawaf it is obligatory to offer two rak'ah's of salat behind the Maqam Ibrahim regardless of the crowd; but if it is not possible, one may offer the prayer in front of it, and if that, too, is not possible, anywhere in al‑Masjid al‑Haram. It is not permissible to begin a second tawaf without performing the two‑rak`ah prayer. If one forgets performing them, it is obligatory on him to return and perform them. But if returning were not feasible, he can offer them wherever he can. This is true of the obligatory tawaf. But if the tawaf were a mustahabb one, he can offer the two rak`ah's wherever he can. (al‑Tadhkirah, al‑Jawahir, al‑Hada'iq)This shows that the jurists of all the legal schools are in agreement over certain points: the tawaf starts and ends at the Black Stone; the Ka'bah should be on the left during tawaf; the tawaf should be made outside the Ka'bah; seven rounds should be made; kissing the Black Stone and the Rukn is mustahabb. However, they disagree with respect to the permissibility of break between successive rounds of the tawaf.According to the Maliki, Imamiyyah, and Hanbali schools, continuity without break (muwalat) is obligatory. According to the Shafi`i and Hanafi schools, it is sunnah (i.e. mustahabb) to observe muwalat, so if there is a substantial break between the rounds without any excuse, the tawaf is not invalidated. (Fiqh al‑Sunnah). Similarly according to Abu Hanifah, if one leaves off after the fourth round, he must complete his tawaf if he is in Makkah; but if he leaves Makkah, he must compensate it with a blood sacrifice. (al‑Tadhkirah)The schools disagree with respect to the necessity of the tawaf being undertaken on foot. The Hanafi, Hanbali, and Maliki schools consider it obligatory. According to the Shafi'i school and a group of Imamiyyah scholars it is not obligatory and one may perform tawaf on a mount. Also, they disagree with respect to the two‑rak'ah prayer (rak'atan) after tawaf. According to the Maliki, Hanafi, and Imamiyyah schools, the rak`atan‑‑which is exactly like the daybreak prayer‑‑are obligatory. The Shafi'i and Hanbali schools regard it as mustahabb.The Mustahabbat of TawafThe book Fiqh al‑Sunnah, discussing the topic under the heading "Sunan al‑tawaf; states, "Of things which are sunnah in tawaf are: kissing the Black Stone while starting the tawaf, accompanied with tahlil and takbir, toraise the two hands as in salat, to greet the Stone by drawing one's hands upon it (istilam), to kiss it soundlessly, to lay one's cheek on it if possible, otherwise to touch it only." Other mustahabbat are: idtiba 7for men, ramal, and istilam of al‑Ruknal‑Yamani.According to al‑Lum`at al‑Dimashqiyyah, an Imamiyyah work, of things mustahabb in tawaf are: to halt in front of the Black Stone, to make the prayer later offered with the hands raised, to recite the Surat al‑Qadr, remember Allah‑‑subhanahu wa ta'ala, to walk peacefully, to draw one's hand on the Black Stone, to kiss it if possible otherwise to make a gesture, to draw one's hand on every corner of the Ka'bah every time one basses by or to kiss it, to draw one's hand on al‑Mustajar‑‑which is in front of the door and before al‑Rukn al‑Yamani‑‑during the seventh round, and to keep oneself as near as possible to the Ka'bah. To speak during tawaf apart from dhikr and recitation of the Qur'an, is makruh.The Ahkam of TawafAccording to the Imamiyyah, if a woman undergoes haydduring tawaf she discontinues tawaf and performs sa'y, if it happens after the fourth round. Then she completes the tawaf after attaining taharah, and she is not required to repeat the sa'y. But if the hadathoccurs before completing the fourth round, she waits until the day of `Arafah. If by that time she regains taharah and is in a position to complete the remaining acts, she does so. Otherwise her Hajj is converted to Hajj al‑'ifrad.As mentioned earlier, the Hanafis permit tawaf for a woman in the state of hayd, and do not require taharah. According to the Hanafi work Fath al‑Qadir,one who leaves three or fewer rounds of the tawaf al‑ziyarahshould sacrifice a sheep; if four, he remains in the state of ihram as long as he does not complete the rounds of tawaf. But if he leaves off more than four rounds, it is as if he had not started the tawaf at all.According to the Imdmiyyah, if after completing the rounds of tawaf one doubts whether he performed them correctly as required by the Shari`ah or whether he performed the exact number of rounds, his doubt is of no consequence. His tawaf is considered valid and complete and there is nothing upon him. But if the doubt occurs before finishing the tawaf, he should consider whether he has performed at least seven rounds, such as when he doubts whether he made seven or eight rounds. If he is certain of having performed seven rounds, then his tawaf is considered valid.However, if he is not certain of having performed seven rounds‑‑as in the case when he doubts whether he is in his sixth or seventh round, or in his fifth or sixth‑‑in that case his tawaf is invalid and he should start afresh. It is preferable in such a case to complete the present tawafbefore starting afresh. 8This is true of a wajib tawaf. In case of a mustahabb tawaf, the basis is the least number of rounds under seven one is certain of having performed, regardless of whether the doubt occurs during or after the last round.For the non‑Imamiyyah schools, the rule is the least number of rounds one is certain of having performed‑‑a rule which is similar to the one they apply to the doubt in the number of rak`ah'sof salat.These are the ahkam, the mustahabbat, and the wajibat of tawaf, which, like the ruku` and sujud in salat, is always the same in all cases, whether as a part of the `Umrah mufradah, `Umrat al‑tamattu; Hajj al‑qiran, or Hajj al‑'ifrad, and regardless of whether it is tawaf al‑ziyarah, tawaf al‑nisa; tawaf al‑qudum, or tawaf al‑wada`.As mentioned above, the tawaf is the next act after ihram in `Umrat al‑tamattu; but in the Hajj its turn comes after the pilgrim has gone through the rituals of Mind (on the `Id day) as shall be explained later.Sa'yAll the schools agree that sa'y follows the tawaf, or its rak'atayn for those who consider them wajib.So also they agree that one who performs sa'y before tawaf should revert and perform his tawaf first and then the sa'y. I haven't come across any opinion holding that the sa'y must immediately follow the tawaf (muwalat).1The Mustahabbat of Sa`yAccording to the book Fiqh al‑Sunnah, it is mustahabb to ascend the hills of Safa and Marwah, and, facing the Holy Ka'bah, to pray to God for some religious or secular matter. It is well known that the Prophet (s), going out from Bab al‑Safa until he could see the Ka'bah. Facing it, he thrice declared the Unity of God and magnified Him; then praising God he said:لا إله إلا الله وحده لا شريك له، له الملك، والله الحمد، يحيي ويمت، وهو على كل شيءٍ قدير، لا إله إلا الله وحده، أنجز وعده، ونصر عبده، وهزم الأحزاب وحدهThere is no god except Allah. He is One, and has no partner. To Him belongs the Kingdom and the Praise. He gives life and makes to die and He is powerful over every thing. There is no god except Allah. He is One. He has fulfilled His promise and granted victory to His slave, vanquishing all the parties (of the infidels). He is One.The mustahabbat of sa'y according to the Imamiyyah book al-Jawahir are the following: to draw one's hand on the Black Stone; to drink from the water of Zamzam and to sprinkle it on oneself; to leave [al‑Masjid al‑Haram] through the door facing the Black Stone; to ascend the Safa; to face al‑Ruknal‑`Iraqi; to praise God (hamd) and magnify Him (takbir); to prolong one's stay al‑Safa; and, after seven takbirs, to say three times:لا إله إلا الله وحده، لا شريك له، له الملك، والله، الحمد، يحيي ويميت، وهوحيٌ لا يموت، بيده الخير، وهو على كل شيءٍ قدير.After this he recites the prayer recommended by tradition (al‑du`a' al‑ma'thur).As can be seen from the above, there is no divergence in this matter between the Shi`ah and the Sunni schools, except for some difference of expressions used. Also, I have not come across any jurist who regards taharah (from hadath and khabath) as obligatory for sa`y; most of the schools have expressly stated its being only mustahabb and the same is true (except for the Shafi'i) of the drawing of the hand (istilam) on the Black Stone before leaving for sa'y.Also, all the schools are explicit about the istihbab of covering the distance between `the Milayn' (an expression used by the Hanafis and Malikis) or `the intervening distance' (wasat al‑masafah, an expression used by Shafi'is) or `between the Minaret and the Alley of the Pharmacists' (as Imamiyyah say) with a fast pace (harwalah). 2Without doubt, an informed guide is necessary to enable the pilgrims to recognize the points designated as `Milayn' or `the Alley of the Pharmacists' (Zuqaqal‑`Attarin), or `the Minaret'.The Way of Performing Sa'yAlthough there is agreement between the schools about the necessity of sa'y, they disagree about its being an essential part (rukn) of the rites of Hajj. According to the Imami, Shafi`i, and Maliki schools, it is a rukn; according to Abu Hanifah, it is not a rukn, though a wajib. Two different traditions are narrated from Ahmad ibn Hanbal. (al‑Tadhkirah, Fiqh al‑Sunnah)All are agreed on the number of ashwat (sing. shawt) being seven, and that the performer of sa'y(i.e. sa'i) should begin at Safa going towards Marwah, and return again to Safa,3covering this distance seven times. Thus the pilgrim makes four ashwat going from Safa to Marwah and three ashwat while returning from Marwah to Safa, beginning his first shawt from Safa and finishing the seventh at Marwah.The schools disagree as to the permissibility of making the sa'y on a mount in spite of the ability to walk, and all of them, with the exception of the Hanbalis, permit it regardless of whether one can walk or not. The Hanbalis say that it is permissible only for one who cannot walk.I have not come across any opinion regarding continuity (muwalat) between the ashwat as wajib4, with the exception of the Hanbalis, who, as also mentioned by the author of al‑Fiqh `ala al‑madhahib al‑'arba`ah, consider it wajib. Also, it is said of Malikis that according to them if the gap between the ashwat were to become inordinate, one should begin sa'y afresh; but if the gap were not prolonged, such as when one discontinues for selling or purchasing something, it is forgivable.NoteAl‑Sayyid Muhsin al‑Hakim, in his book on the rites of Hajj, says, "It is obligatory, while going and returning, to keep one's face turned towards one's destination .... Therefore, if someone were to turn his face away from it or were to walk backwards, or in a lateral way, it is not correct. However, there is nothing wrong in turning the face this way and that way while continuing to face the destination in the course of movement."He means that it is obligatory that the body should face Marwah while going and should be toward Safa while returning, and it is not permissible to make the approach with only a shoulder facing the direction of the destination‑‑as may happen due to overcrowding of the pilgrims; also, while moving, the face in particular should remain in the right direction.Al‑Sayyid al‑Khu'i makes a similar statement in his work on the rites of Hajj; his words are: "It is wajib to face Marwah while going and to be towards Safa while returning. Thus if one turns his back towards Marwah while going and towards Safa while returning, it does not satisfy (lam yujzi', i.e. the conditions for a correct sa'y). Also, one should not turn towards his right or left, neither should he turn back either during the going (dhahab) or during the return (iyab).The Ahkam of Sa'yOne who cannot perform the sa'y, either on foot or on a mount, may depute another to perform it on his/her behalf, and the Hajj would be correct. There is nothing wrong in looking to the right or the left or turning back to look during the coming and the going.If someone makes more than seven ashwat intentionally, his sa'y is invalid, but not if the lapse was unintentional. If one were to have doubts about the number of the ashwatperformed after finishing his sa'y, it is assumed to have been correct and nothing is required of him. The author of al‑Jawahir bases this hukm about the doubt after finishing on the principle of negation of haraj, as well as on tradition.However, if the doubt were to occur before finishing the sa'y, the author of al‑Jawahir says that there is no difference of opinion about, nor any objection against, the invalidity of the sa`y in case of any doubt about the number of the ashwat performed, whether of having exceeded or fallen short of the required number. In both cases the sa'yat hand is invalid. If one suspects one's having begun from Safa, his sa'y is correct. But if he thinks that he might have started from some other place, it is invalid. Also if one suspects the number of ashwat already performed, and does not know how many one has completed, one's sa`y is invalid.If one has recorded the number of ashwat performed, but doubts whether one started the first one from Safa or Marwah, he should consider the number of his present shawt and the direction he is facing. If, for instance, the number is an even one (2, 4, or 6) and he is at Safa or facing it, his sa'y is correct; because this shows that he had begun at Safa. Similarly, if the number is odd (3, 5, or 7) and he is at Marwah or facing it. But if the case is reverse, that is in an even shawt he is facing Marwah or in an odd one facing towards Safa, his sa'yis invalid and should be begun anew. (al‑Jawahir)According to the other schools, the rule is to take the minimum one is certain of having performed, as in the case of salat. (Kifayat al‑'akhyar)According to Abu Hanifah the Hajj is not invalid even if the sa`y is omitted altogether, because it is not a ruknand can be made good by a sacrifice. (al‑Shi'rani's al‑Mizan)The Imamiyyah and Shafi'i schools agree that no expiation (kafarah) is required of someone who commits a haramact forgetfully or in ignorance, except in the case of hunting, in which case even killing by mistake requires kaffarah.The Limits of the Harams of Makkah and of Al‑MadinahThe prohibition of hunting and cutting of trees applies both to the haram of Makkah and that of al‑Madinah. According to Fiqh al‑Sunnah, the limits of the haram of Makkah are indicated by signs in five directions, which are one‑meter‑high stones fixed on both sides of the roads. The limits of the haram of Makkah are as follows: (1) the northern limit is marked by al‑Tan'im, which is a place at a distance of 6 kms. from Makkah; (2) the southern limit is marked by Idah, 12 kms. from Makkah; (3) the eastern limit is al‑Ja'ranah, 16 kms. from Makkah; (4) the western limit is al‑Shumaysi, 15 kms. from Makkah.The limits of the haram of the Prophet's shrine extend from `Ir to Thawr, a distance of 12 kms. `Ir is a hill near the miqat, and Thawr is a hill at Uhud.Al‑`Allamah al‑Hilli, an Imamiyyah legist, states in his work al‑Tadhkirah that "the haram of Makkah extends over an area of one band by one band (1 band=12miles), and the haram of al‑Madinah extends from `Ayir to `Ir. 13TaqsirAccording to Ahmad ibn Hanbal and Malik, it is necessary to shave (halq) or shorten the hair (taqsir) of the entire head. According to Abu Hanifah the same of a one‑fourth portion of the head is sufficient; according to al‑Shafi'i cutting of three hairs suffices. (Karrarah's al‑Din wa al‑Hajj)According to the Imamiyyah, in taqsir one has the free choice of performing it by shortening either the hair of the head, the beard, or the moustaches or the fingernails.All the five schools agree that taqsir is an obligatory rite, though not a rukn. According to al‑Sayyid al‑Hakim, its relationship to Hajj is the same as that of the salamwith respect to the salat, because the muhrim is relieved after it of his state of ihram in the same way as one performing the salat is after the salam.The taqsir or the halq, whatever be the divergence of opinion about them, is to be performed once during 'Umrah mufradah and twice during Hajj al‑tamattu'. The details follow.Taqsir in `UmrahAccording to the Imamiyyah, one performing 'Umratal‑tamattu' has to perform taqsir after the sa'y; it is not permissible for him to perform halq. After it everything forbidden to him in the state of ihram becomes permissible. But if he performs halq, he should sacrifice a sheep. However, if he is on 'Umrah mufradah, he may choose between halq and taqsir, regardless of whether he brings along with him the hady or not.If the taqsir is omitted intentionally, in case one had planned to perform Hajj al‑tamattu' and had assumed ihram before performing the taqsir, his 'Umrah is invalid and it is then obligatory upon him to perform Hajjal‑'ifrad: that is, the rites of Hajj followed by 'Umrah mufradah, and it is better for him to do Hajj again the next year.'1[48]According to non‑Imamiyyah schools, one has a choice between taqsir and halq after finishing his sa'y. As to relief from the state of ihram, if one were performing a non‑tamattu' 'Umrah, he obtains relief from ihram after halq or taqsir, regardless of whether the hadyaccompanies him or not. But if one is performing 'Umratal‑tamattu; he is relieved of ihram if not accompanied by the hady; but if accompanied he remains in the state of ihram. (al‑Mughni)Taqsir in HajjThe second type of taqsir is a part of the rites of all the various kinds of Hajj‑tamattu', qiran, or ifrad‑‑to be performed by Hajj pilgrim after the dhabh or nahr(animal sacrifice) in Mina. All the schools agree that here one has a choice between taqsir and halq, halq being more meritorious. They disagree, however, in regard to one with matted hair, whether he must shave his head or if, like others, he also has a choice between halq and taqsir. The Hanbali, the Shafi' i, and the Maliki schools prescribe only halq forhim, but the Imamiyyah and the Hanafi give him the same choice as others.All the legal schools agree that women don't have to perform halq, rather, they may perform only taqsir.Abu Hanifah and a group of Imamiyyah legists say that one who is bald, completely or partially, as when only the frontal portion of the head is hairless, must nevertheless draw the razor over the [hairless portion of the] head. The rest only consider it mustahabb (al‑Hada'iq, Fiqh al‑Sunnah).According to the Imamiyyah, the halq or the taqsiris obligatory in Mina. Therefore, one who departs without halq ortaqsir should return to perform either of the two, regardless of whether his lapse was intentional or not, and despite the knowledge or out of ignorance. However, if it is difficult or infeasible for him to return, he may perform it wherever he can.As to the rest, they say that it should be performed within the haram. (Fiqh al‑Sunnah)All agree that sex is not permitted after the halq or the taqsir. The Malikis include perfume as also being impermissible. The Imamiyyah include with the above two hunting (sayd), which is forbidden because of the respect for the sanctity of the haram. Apart from these three things, the rest are permissible by the consensus of all the five schools. For the four Sunni schools, everything, including sex, becomes permissible after the tawaf al‑ziyarah. As for the Imamiyyah, sex and perfume are not allowed until after the tawafal‑nisa'.We conclude this section with the words of al‑'Allamah al‑Hilli in his Tadhkirah:If [the pilgrim] departs from Mina without halq or taqsir, he returns to perform it there‑‑an obligation if within the reach of possibility. But if his returning is not possible, he performs halq wherever he is, sending his hair to be carried to Mina to be buried there, which if he cannot there is nothing upon him .... The time for halq is on the day of `Id, by consensus, for the Almighty has said [in Qur'an]:..وَلَا تَحْلِقُوا رُءُوسَكُمْ حَتَّىٰ يَبْلُغَ الْهَدْيُ مَحِلَّهُ …"And do not shave your head until the sacrifice reaches its [specified] destination." (2:196);and the place of the sacrifice (hady) is Mina on the day of `Id. It has been recorded that the Prophet (s) performed first ramy, then nahr, and then halq, at Mina on the `Id day.We shall have occasion to refer to the hukm about the ha1q performed prior to the dhabh while discussing later the rites of Mina.2.The Wuq'ufThe Wuq'uf in 'ArafatThe pilgrim performing `Umrah mufradah or Hajj al‑tamattu` first assumes ihram, then performs tawaf offers the rak`atayn, then performs sa'y, then taqsir. This order is obligatory, and in it while the ihram precedes all the other steps, the tawaf precedes the salat, the salat is prior to the sa'y, and at the end is taqsir. 1The Second Rite of HajjThe rites of Hajj, as in the case of `Umrah, start with ihram. However, the rite which is next to ihram in the case of Hajj, and is considered one of the arkan of Hajj by consensus, in the wuquf (halt) in `Arafat, there being no difference whether one is on Hajj al‑'ifrad or Hajj al‑tamattu; although it is permissible for those on Hajj al‑'ifrad or Hajj al‑qiran to enter Makkah to perform a tawaf after assuming ihram and before proceeding to `Arafat. This tawaf (called tawaf al‑qudam) resembles the rak`atayn called tahiyyatal‑masjid, recommended as a mark of respect to a mosque.Al‑Sayyid al‑Hakim, in his book on the rites of Hajj, says, "It is permissible for one intending Hajj al‑qiran or al‑'ifrad to perform the mustahabb tawaf on entering Makkah and before proceeding to wuquf [in `Arafat]." Ibn Hajar, in Fath al‑Bart bi Sharh al‑Bukhari,writes: "All of them [the four legal schools] agree that there is no harm if one who has assumed ihram for Hajj al‑'ifrad performs a tawaf of the (Holy) House," that is, before proceeding to `Arafat. One on Hajj al‑tamattu',as said, should perform the tawaf of `Umratal‑tamattu` instead of the tawaf al‑qudum.Before the Halt in `ArafatThere is consensus among the legal schools that it is mustahabb for the Hajj pilgrim to go out from Makkah in the state of ihram on the day of Tarwiyah (the 8th of Dhu al‑Hijjah), passing towards Mina on his way to `Arafat.According to the Imamiyyah books al‑Tadhkirah and al-Jawahir, it is mustahabb for one intending to proceed towards `Arafat not to leave Makkah before offering the zuhr and `asr prayers. The four Sunni schools say that it is mustahabb to offer them at Mina. (al‑Mughni)In any case, it is permissible to proceed to `Arafat a day or two before that of Tarwiyah, in particular for the ill, the aged, women, and those who are claustrophobic. Also it is permissible to delay until the morning of the 9th so as to arrive at `Arafat by the time when the sun crosses the meridian (zawal).I have not come across any jurist who considers it wajibto spend at Mina the night before the day of wuquf at`Arafat, or to perform some rite there. Al‑`Allamah al‑Hilli, in his Tadhkirah, writes: "To spend the night of `Arafah at Mina for resting is mustahabb; but it is not a rite, nor is there anything against one who doesn't do it." Fath al‑Bariand Fath al‑Qadir have something similar to say.The word `rest' (for istirahah) used by al‑`Allamah al‑Hilli does not need to be explained, for travel in the past used to be exhausting; so he considered it mustahabb for the pilgrims to stay for the night at Mina so as to arrive looking fresh and in good spirits at `Arafat. But travel today is quite a pleasure. Therefore, if one spends the night of `Arafah in Makkah, going to `Arafat the following morning, or after the zuhrprayer, passing through Mina on his way‑‑as the pilgrims' practice is nowadays‑‑that is sufficient and there is nothing wrong in that. The pilgrim will return to Mina later after the halt in `Arafat, for the ramy al‑Jamrah‑‑but to that we shall come later.The Period of the Halt in ArafatThere is consensus among the legal schools that the day of the halt in 'Arafat is the 9th of Dhu al‑Hijjah, but they disagree as to the hour of its beginning and end on that day. According to the Hanafi, the Shafi'i, and the Maliki schools, it begins at midday on the 9th and lasts until the daybreak (fajr) on the tenth. According to the Hanbali school, it begins from the daybreak on the 9th until daybreak on the tenth. According to the Imamiyyah, from midday on the 9th until sunset on the same day, for one who is free to plan; and in case of one in an exigency, until the following daybreak.It is mustahabb to take a bath for the wuquf in 'Arafat, to be performed like the Friday bath. There is no rite to be performed in 'Arafat except one's presence there: one may sleep or keep awake, sit, stand, walk around or ride a mount.The Limits of 'ArafatThe limits of 'Arafat are `Arnah, Thawbah, and from Nimrah to Dhu al‑Majaz, which are names of places around 'Arafat. One may not make the halt in any of those places, neither in Taht al‑'Arak, because they are outside 'Arafat. If one were to make the halt in any of those places, his Hajj is invalid by consensus of all the schools, with the exception of the Maliki, according to which one may halt at `Arnah though he will have to make a sacrifice.The entire area of 'Arafat is mawqif (permissible for the wuqaf) and one may make the halt at any spot within it by consensus of all schools. Al‑'Imam al‑Sadiq (`a) relates that when the Prophet (s) made the halt at 'Arafat, the people crowded around him, rushing along on the hoof‑prints of his camel. Whenever the camel moved, they moved along with it. (When he saw this), the Prophet said, "O people, the mawqif is not confined to where my camel stands, rather this entire 'Arafat is mawqif," and pointed to the plains of 'Arafat. "If the mawqif were limited to where my camel stands, the place would be too little for the people." (al‑Tadhkirah)The Conditions Applicable to the HaltTaharah (ritual purity) is not a condition for the halt at 'Arafat, by consensus of all the schools.According to the Imamiyyah and the Malik! schools, the halt at `Arafat must be made with prior intention (niyyah) and with the implied knowledge that the place where he is halting is indeed 'Arafat. Thus if he were to pass on without knowing, or know without intending the wuquf it is not considered wuquf as such.According to the Shafi`i and the Maliki schools, neither intent nor knowledge is a condition. All that is required is freedom from insanity, intoxication, and loss of consciousness. According to the Hanafis, neither intent, nor knowledge, nor sanity is a condition; whosoever is present in 'Arafat during the specific period, his Hajj is correct, intent or no intent, whether he knows the place or not, whether sane or insane. (Fiqh al‑Sunnah, al‑Tadhkirah)Is it necessary to make the halt in 'Arafat for the full specified period, or is it sufficient to be present there for some time, even if it is for a single moment?According to the Imamiyyah, there are two kinds of periods for the halt, depending on whether one arrives at a time of his own choice (ikhtiyari) or the time is forced upon him by circumstances beyond his control (idtirari). In the case of the former, the period of halt for him is from midday on the ninth until sunset on the same day; in the case of the latter, the period lasts until the daybreak of the tenth.So one who can make the halt from noon until sunset for the entire period, it is wajib upon him; although halt not far the entire period but halt for a part of it is rukn [that is without it the Hajj would not be valid], the rest being merely a wajib. This means that if someone omits the halt his Hajj is invalid far not performing a rukn of it. But if one makes a short halt, he has omitted only a wajib which is not rukn, and so his Hajj does not lose its validity [on this account]. Moreover, if someone cannot make the halt for the entire ikhtiyari period, due to some legitimate excuse, it is sufficient for him to make the halt for a part of the night of `Id.According to the Shafi'i, the Maliki, and the Hanbali schools, mere presence even if for a single moment, is sufficient. (al‑Fiqh `ala al‑madhdhib al‑'arba `ah, Manar al‑sabil)According to the Imamiyyah, if one leaves `Arafat intentionally before the midday, he must return and there is nothing upon him if he does. But if he doesn't, he must sacrifice a camel, and if that is beyond his means fast for 18 days in succession. But if the lapse were by oversight and he does not discover it until the time is past, there is nothing upon him, on condition that he is present at the halt in al‑Mash'ar al‑Haram in time. But if he remembers before the period expires, he must return as far as possible, and if he doesn't he must sacrifice a camel.The Malikis say that one who makes the halt in `Arafat after the midday and leaves `Arafat before the sunset, he must repeat the Hajj the following year if he does not return to `Arafat before the daybreak (on the 9th). But all other legists say that his Hajj is complete. (Ibn Rushd's Bidayah)According to al‑Fiqh al‑musawwar `ala madhhab al‑Shafi'i,"if one forgets and omits the halt, it is obligatory upon him to change his Hajj into `Umrah, and then complete the remaining rites of Hajj after performing its rites; also he must repeat the Hajj in the immediate following year."It is mustahabb for one performing the halt in 'Arafat to: observe taharah; face the Holy Ka'bah; and do a lot of dua' and istighfar, with due surrender, humility, and with a heart‑felt presence before God.The Wu'quf in MuzdalifahThe halt in Muzdalifah is the next rite after the halt in `Arafat, by consensus of all the schools. They also agree that when the Hajj pilgrim turns to Muzdalifah (where al‑Mash'ar al‑Haram is situated) after the halt in `Arafat, he is acting in accordance with the following Divine verse of the Qur'an:فَإِذَا أَفَضْتُمْ مِنْ عَرَفَاتٍ فَاذْكُرُوا اللَّهَ عِنْدَ الْمَشْعَرِ الْحَرَامِ وَاذْكُرُوهُ كَمَا هَدَاكُمْWhen you pour forth from 'Arafat, then remember Allah in al‑Mash'ar al‑Haram, remembering Him in the way you have been shown. (2:198)Also, there is agreement that it is mustahabb to delay the maghrib (sunset) prayer on the night preceding the `Id day until Muzdalifah is reached. The author of al‑Tadhkirahwrites that when sun sets in `Arafat, then one should go forth before the (maghrib) prayer towards al‑Mash'ar al‑Haram and recite there the supplication prescribed by tradition. The author of al‑Mughni says, "It is sunnah (i.e. mustahabb) for one leaving `Arafat not to offer the maghrib prayer until Muzdalifah is reached, whereat the maghrib and the `isha' prayers should be offered together.There is no difference regarding this, as Ibn al‑Mundhir also points out when he says: "There is consensus among the `ulama', and no divergence of opinion, that it is sunnah for the Hajj pilgrim to offer the maghrib and the `isha' prayers together; the basis for it is that the Prophet (s) offered them together.' "2All the legal schools, with the exception of the Hanafi, agree that if one were to offer the maghrib prayer before reaching Muzdalifah and not offer the two prayers together, his salatis nevertheless valid despite its being contrary to what is mustahabb. Abu Hanifah does not consider it valid.The Limits of MuzdalifahAccording to al‑Tadhkirah and al‑Mughni,Muzdalifah has three names: Muzdalifah, Jam`, and al‑Mash'ar al‑Haram, its limits are from al‑Ma'zamayn to al‑Hiyad, towards the valley of Muhassir. The entire Muzdalifah is mawqif, like `Arafat, and it is legitimate to make the halt at any spot inside it. According to al‑Madarik, it is a settled and definite matter among the Imamiyyah legists that it is permissible, in case of overcrowding, to ascend the heights towards the hill, which is one of the limits of Muzdalifah.The Night at MuzdalifahIs it obligatory to spend the entire night of `Id at Muzdalifah, or is it sufficient to halt in al‑Mash'ar al‑Haram even for a moment after the daybreak? (It is assumed, of course, that the meaning of wuquf is mere presence: one may be walking around, sitting or riding a mount, as in the case of the halt at 'Arafat).According to the Hanafi, the Shafi`i, and the Hanbali schools, it is obligatory to spend the entire night at Muzdalifah and the defaulter is required to make a sacrifice. (al‑Mughni)According to the Imamiyyah and the Maliki, it is not wajib,though meritorious. This is what Shihab al‑Din al‑Baghdadi the Maliki, in his Irshad al‑salik, and al‑Hakim and al‑Khu'i have confirmed. However, no one has considered it a rukn.As to halting in al‑Mash'ar al‑Haram after the daybreak, Ibn Rushd, in al‑Bidayah wa al‑nihayah, cites the consensus of the Sunni fuqaha' to the effect that it is one of the sunan(sing. sunnah) of the Hajj, not one of its furud(duties; sing. fard).According to al‑Tadhkirah, "It is obligatory to halt in al‑Mash'ar al‑Haram after the daybreak, and if someone were to leave intentionally before the daybreak after halting there for the night, he must sacrifice a sheep. Abu Hanifah also says that it is obligatory to halt after the daybreak. The rest of the schools permit departure after midnight." Therefore, with the exception of the Imamiyyah and the Hanafi schools, others permit departure from Muzdalifah before the daybreak.The Imamiyyah say that the time of halt in al‑Mash'ar al‑Haram is of two kinds: the first (ikhtiyari) is for one who has no reason for delaying, and that is the entire period between the daybreak and the sunrise on the day of `Id; whoever leaves advertently and knowingly from the Mash'ar before the daybreak and after being there for the whole or part of the night, his Hajj is not invalidated if he had halted at 'Arafat, although he must sacrifice a sheep. If he had left the Mash'ar on account of ignorance, there is nothing upon him, as made explicit in the above quotation.The second (idtirari) is for women and those who have an excuse for not halting between the daybreak and the sunrise; their time extends to midday on the day of `Id. The author of al‑Jawahir says that there is both textual evidence (from hadith) as well as consensus to support the above prescription, and the fatawa of al‑Sayyid al‑Hakim and al‑Sayyid al‑Khu'i are also in accordance with it. The latter has not stated midday as the idtirari time limit, but says that it is sufficient to make the halt after sunrise.The Imamiyyah also say that the wuquf in the two specified periods of time is a rukn of the Hajj. Therefore, if someone does not perform it altogether either in the ikhtiyari period for the night or in the idtirariperiod, his Hajj is invalid if he hadn't spent the night there; but not if the default ‑was on account of a legitimate excuse, on condition that he had performed the halt at 'Arafat. So one who fails to make the halts at 'Arafat and the Mash'ar, neither in the ikhtiyari nor in the idtirari period, his Hajj is invalid even if the failure was on account of a legitimate reason. It is obligatory upon him to perform Hajj the year after if the Hajj intended was a wajib one; and if it was a mustahabb Hajj, it is mustahabb for him to perform it the next year. (al-Jawahir)The halt in al‑Mash'ar al‑Haram is held in greater importance by the Imamiyyah than the one in 'Arafat; that is why they say that one who loses the chance to be present at the halt in 'Arafat but participates in the halt at the Mash'ar before the sunrise, his Hajj is complete. (al‑Tadhkirah)Mustahabbat of the Mash`arAccording to the Imamiyyah it is mustahabb for one performing Hajj for the first time to put his feet on the ground of the Mash'ar. (al-Jawahir)According to the Imamiyyah, the Shafi`i and the Maliki schools, it is mustahabb while leaving for Mina to gather seventy pebbles, for the ramy al‑jamarat, at Muzdalifah. The reason for this, according to the author of al‑Tadhkirah, is that when the Hajj pilgrim arrives in Mina he should not be detained by anything from the rite of the ramy. Ibn Hanbal is narrated to have said that the pebbles may be gathered from any place; and there is no disagreement that it suffices to gather them from whatever place one wishes.The maintenance of taharah, the pronouncing of tahlil, takbir, and du`a' (the prescribed one or something else) is also mustahabb.At MinaAll the schools are in agreement that the rites after the halt at al‑Mash'ar al‑Haram are those of Mina, and that departure from Muzdalifah is after the sunrise, and one who leaves before sunrise, passing beyond its limits, according to al‑Khu'i, must sacrifice a sheep as kaffarah.At Mina one performs several rites which continue from the Day of Sacrifice (yawm al‑nahr), or the day of `Id, until the morning of the thirteenth or the night of the twelfth. The wajibat of Hajj are completed in Mina. The three days following the day of `Id (the 11th, 12th, and the 13th) are called "ayyam al‑tashriq."1Three rites are obligatory at Mina on the day of `Id: (1) ramy of the Jamrat al‑`Aqabah; (2) al‑dhabh(slaughtering of the sacrificial animal); (3) halq or taqsir. Agreeing that the Prophet (s) performed first the ramy, then the nahr (or dhabh) and then the taqsir, the schools disagree whether this order is obligatory and if it is impermissible to change that order, or if the order is only mustahabb and may be altered.According to al‑Shafi` i and Ahmad ibn Hanbal, there is nothing upon one who changes the order. Malik says that if someone performs halq before the nahr or the ramy, he must make a sacrifice; and if he was performing Hajj al‑qiran then two sacrifices. (Ibn Rushd's al‑Bidayah). According to the Imamiyyah, it is a sin to change the order knowingly and intentionally, although repetition is not required. The author of al‑Jawahir says, "I have not found any difference of opinion on this point", and al‑Madarik states that the jurists are definite on this point.Now we shall deal with each one of these rites under a separate heading.Jamrat al `AqabahThe Number of JimarRamy al jimar, or the symbolic throwing of pebbles performed in Mina, is obligatory upon all pilgrims of the Hajj, whether tamattu; qiran or ifrad. This rite is performed ten times during the four days. The first ramy, in which only one point called Jamrat al‑`Aqabah is stoned, is performed on the day of `Id. On the second day, i.e. 11th of Dhu al‑Hijjah, the three jimar are stoned, and again every three on the third and the fourth day. This applies to the Hajj pilgrim who spends the night of the twelfth in Mina; otherwise there is no ramy for him on that day.Jamrah of the Tenth of Dhu al‑HijjahThe legal schools agree that it suffices to perform the ramy of the Jamrat al‑`Aqabah any time from sunrise until sunset on the tenth of Dhu al‑Hijjah, but disagree as to its performance before or after that period. According to the Maliki, the Hanafi, the Hanbali and the Imami schools, it is not permissible to perform the ramy of the Jamrat al‑`Aqabah before the daybreak, and if performed without an excuse, must be repeated. They permit it for an excuse like sickness, weakness, or insecurity (fear).According to the Shafi'i school, performing the rite earlier is unobjectionable, for the specified period is mustahabb not wajib (al‑Tadhkirah, Ibn Rushd's Bidayah). However, if delayed until after sunset on the day of `Id, according to Malik, the defaulter must make a sacrifice if he performs the rite during the night or the next day. According to the Shafi`is, there is nothing upon him if he performs the rite of ramy in the night or the next day. (Ibn Rushd's Bidayah)According to the Imamiyyah, the time of this ramy extends from sunrise until sunset on that day. If forgotten, the rite must be performed the next day. If again forgotten, on the 12th, and if one fails again, it can be performed on the 13th. But if one forgets until one has left Makkah, he may carry it out the following year, either himself or through a deputy who carries it out on his behalf.1The Conditions of RamyThere are certain conditions for the validity of ramy al jamarat:1. Niyyah: stated by the Imamiyyah explicitly.2. That each ramy must be carried out with seven pebbles; there is agreement on this point.3. The pebbles must be thrown one at a time, not more; again there is consensus on this point.4. The pebbles must strike the known target; there is also consensus on this point.5. The pebbles must reach their target through being thrown (ramy); thus if they are tossed in some other manner, it does not suffice according to the Imami and the Shafi'i schools, and is not permissible according to the Hanbali and the Hanafi schools. (al‑Mughni)6. The pebbles must be of stone, not of other material, like salt, iron, copper, wood or porcelain, etc.; this is accepted unanimously by all the schools except that of Abu Hanifah, who says that it is all right if pebbles are made of some earthen material, such as porcelain, clay or stone. (al‑Mughni)7. The pebbles must be `new', that is, not used for rainybefore; the Hanbalis state this condition expressly.Taharah is not a condition in ramy, though desirable.The Imamiyyah say that it is mustahabb that the pebbles be about the size of a finger tip and rough, neither black, nor white, nor red. The other schools say that their size must be about that of the seed of a broad bean (baqila').The Imamiyyah also say that it is mustahabb for the Hajj pilgrim to perform all the rites facing the Qiblah, with the exception of the ramy of the Jamrat al‑`Aqabah on the day of `Id, which is mustahabb to perform with one's back towards the Qiblah, since the Prophet (s) had performed this rite in that way. The other schools say that facing the Qiblah is mustahabb even in this rite.Also, it is mustahabb to perform the ramy on foot (though riding a mount is permissible), not to be farther from the Jamrah than 10 cubits, to perform it with the right hand, to recite the prayers prescribed by tradition and other prayers. Following is one of the prayers prescribed by tradition:اللهم اجعله حجاً مبروراً، وذنباً مغفوراً. اللهم إن هذه حصيائي، فأحصهن لي،وارفعهن في عملي ... الله أكبر. اللهم أدحر الشيطان عني.O God, make my Hajj a blessing, a forgiving of my sins .... O God, these pebbles of mine, reckon them and place them high in my actions .... God is Great. O God, repel Satan from me.DoubtWhat if one doubts whether the pebble thrown has struck its target or not? It is assumed not to have hit. If one doubts the number thrown, he may count from the least number of which he is sure he has thrown.Jamrat al‑`Aqabah is the first rite performed by the Hajj pilgrim in Mina on the day of `Id, which is followed by the dhabh, then halq or taqsir. After that he proceeds to Makkah for tawaf the same day.On this day, there is no other rite of ramy for him. Now we shall proceed to discuss the sacrifice (hady).HadyThe second obligatory rite in Mina is the hady or animal sacrifice. The issues related to it are: (1) its kinds, wajib and mustahabb, and the various kinds of wajib sacrifice; (2) regarding those for whom the hady is wajib; (3) the requirements of the hady; (4) its time and place; (5) the legal rules about its flesh; (6) the substitute duty of one who can neither find the hady nor possess the means to purchase one. The details are as follow:The Kinds of HadyThe hady is of two kinds; wajib and mustahabb. The mustahabb sacrifice is the one mentioned in the following verse of the Qur'an:فَصَلِّ لِرَبِّكَ وَانْحَرْ.`So pray unto the Lord and sacrifice' (108:2), which is interpreted as a commandment to the Prophet (s) to sacrifice after the `Id day prayer. A tradition relates that the Prophet (s) sacrificed two rams, one white and the other black.According to the Malikis and the Hanafis, the sacrifice is obligatory for every family once every year; it is, they say, similar to the zakat al fitr: The Imamiyyah and the Shafi`i schools say that the mustahabb sacrifice can be carried out in Mina on any of the four days, the day of `Id and the three days following it (called ayyam al‑tashriq).But at places other than Mina the sacrifice may be carried out only during three days: the day of `Id, and the 11th and the 12th. According to the Hanbalis, the Malikis, and the Hanafis, its time is three days whether in Mina or elsewhere. In any case, the best time for the sacrifice is after sunrise on the day of `Id during a period sufficient for holding the `Id prayer and delivering its two khutbahs (sermons).The obligatory sacrifices, in accordance with the Qur'anic text, are four:(1) The sacrifice related to Hajj al‑tamattu` in accordance with the verse:فَإِذَا أَمِنْتُمْ فَمَنْ تَمَتَّعَ بِالْعُمْرَةِ إِلَى الْحَجِّ فَمَا اسْتَيْسَرَ مِنَ الْهَدْيِ...If in peacetime anyone ofyou combines the `Umrah with the Hajj, he must offer such sacrifice as he can...(2:196)(2) The sacrifice related to halq, which is a wajib open to choice, in accordance with the verse:فَمَنْ كَانَ مِنْكُمْ مَرِيضًا أَوْ بِهِ أَذًى مِنْ رَأْسِهِ فَفِدْيَةٌ مِنْ صِيَامٍ أَوْ صَدَقَةٍ أَوْ نُسُكٍBut if any ofyou is ill or suffers from an ailment of the head, he must offer a fidyah either by fasting or by alms‑giving or by offering a sacrifice. (2:196)(3) The sacrifice related to the penalty (jaza') for hunting, in accordance with the verse:وَمَنْ قَتَلَهُ مِنْكُمْ مُتَعَمِّدًا فَجَزَاءٌ مِثْلُ مَا قَتَلَ مِنَ النَّعَمِ يَحْكُمُ بِهِ ذَوَا عَدْلٍ مِنْكُمْ هَدْيًا بَالِغَ الْكَعْبَةِHe that kills game by design, shall present, as an offering near the Ka`bah, a domestic beast equivalent to that which he has killed, to be determined by two honest men among you; .... (5:95)(4) The sacrifice related to "ihsar" [some hindrance which keeps one from completing the rites of Hajj, such as illness or interruption due to an enemy], in accordance with the following verse (al‑Tadhkirah):إِنْ أُحْصِرْتُمْ فَمَا اسْتَيْسَرَ مِنَ الْهَدْيِIf you cannot; offer such sacrifice as you can afford...(2:196)Besides the above four, there are also the obligatory sacrifices related to any of the following: `ahd (pledge), nadhr (vow), yamin (oath). In what follows we shall discuss hady as one of the rites of Hajj.For Whom is Hady Wajib?The hady is not obligatory, by consensus of all the schools, upon one performing `Umrah mufradah, nor on one performing Hajj al‑'ifrad. Similarly, there is consensus regarding its being obligatory upon the non‑Makkan pilgrim on Hajj al‑tamattu`. The four Sunni schools add that it is also obligatory upon the pilgrim on Hajjal‑qiran.According to the Imamiyyah, it is not obligatory on one on Hajj al‑qiran except with nadhr (vow), or when he brings along with him the sacrificial animal at the time of assuming ihram.There is disagreement regarding whether the Makkan performing Hajj al‑tamattu` must offer a sacrifice or not. According to the four Sunni schools, the hady is not wajib upon him. Al‑Mughni states that "there is no disagreement among scholars that the sacrifice of tamattu` is not wajibon those living in the neighbourhood of al‑Masjid al‑Haram." The Imamiyyah say that if the Makkan performs Hajj al‑tamattu`the hady is obligatory upon him." This is stated by al‑Jawahir where it says, "If the Makkan were to perform Hajj al‑tamattu; the hady is wajib upon him according to the widely held (mashhur) opinion [of the Imami fuqaha'].The legal schools, however, agree that the obligatory hady is not one of the arkan of Hajj.The Requirements of the HadyThe hady must meet the following requirements:1. It must belong to cattle, such as camel, cow, sheep, or goat, by consensus of all the five schools. As stated by al‑Mughni, according to the Hanafi, the Maliki, the Shafi'i and the Hanbali schools: if a sheep, it must be at least six months; if a goat, of one year; if a cow, of two years; and if a camel of five years. This agrees with the Imamiyyah view as stated by al-Jawahir, with the difference that the camel must have entered its sixth and the goat its second year.Al‑Sayyid al‑Hakim and al‑Sayyid al‑Khu'i have said that it suffices if the camel has entered its sixth and the cow or the goat its third. As to the sheep, they add, to be cautious, the sheep must have entered its second.2. The sacrificial animal must be free of any defect, and, by consensus, must not be one‑eyed, lame, sick or old and decrepit. There is disagreement, however, regarding its acceptability in case of castration, being without horns or with broken ones, missing or mutilated ears or tail. Such are not acceptable according to al‑Sayyid al‑Hakim and al‑Sayyid al‑Khu'i, but acceptable according to the author of al‑Mughni.Al‑`Allamah al‑Hilli, in al‑Tadhkirah, says that female camel and cow and male sheep and goats are to be preferred, although the permissibility of the converse in the two cases is not disputed by any school. The author of al‑Mughni' says that the sex of the sacrificial animal is irrelevant.The Time and the Place of the SacrificeAs to the occasion of the sacrifice, it is, according to the Maliki, the Hanafi, and the Hanbali schools, the day of `Id and the two days following it. Abu Hanifah adds that this time is specific for the sacrificial rite of Hajj al‑qiran and tamattu; but for the others he sets no such time limit. The Ma1ikis do not recognize any difference between various kinds of hady, as mentioned by al‑Fiqh `ala al‑madhahib al‑'arba`ah.The Hanbalis say that if the sacrifice is made before its time, it must be made again. If after its time, in case of mustahabb the lapse of time cancels it; and in case of wajib it must be fulfilled. According to the Hanafis, slaughtering the sacrificial animal before the three days of `Id is not sufficient, but is if done later though a kaffarah is required for the delay. According to the Shafi`is, the time of the obligatory sacrifice for Hajj al‑tamattu` starts with ihram; therefore, performing it earlier [than the day of `Id] is permissible, and there is no time limit for delaying, although it is best performed on the `Id day. (al‑Fiqh `ala al‑madhahib al‑'arba`ah)The Imamiyyah regard niyyah as being obligatory in slaughtering (dhabh or nahr), and say that its time is on the day of `Id; although it is acceptable until the third day following it, or even until the end of Dhu al‑Hijjah, although the delay is a sin. The author of al‑Jawahir reports that there is no divergence [among Imami legists] on this point, even if the delay is without a [legitimate] excuse. It is not permissible, according to the Imamiyyah, to make the sacrifice before the 10th of Dhu al‑Hijjah.As to the place, it is the Haram, according to the Hanbali, the Shafi'i, and the Hanafi schools, which includes Mina 2and other places, as mentioned above while discussing ihramand the limits of the harams of Makkah and al‑Madinah.According to the Imamiyyah, there are three conditions for slaughtering the hady in Mina: (1) that the hady must have been brought in the ihram assumed for Hajj, not in the ihram for `Umrah; (2) the pilgrim should have halted for some time of the night with the hady in `Arafat; (3) he should have made the resolve to make the sacrifice on the day of `Id or the following day. Also the Imamiyyah say that the pilgrim of Hajj al‑tamattu` may make the sacrifice nowhere but in Mina, even if his Hajj is supererogatory. But the hadybrought along in the ihram of `Umrah is to be slaughtered in Makkah. (al‑Tadhkirah)In any case, for all the schools offering of the sacrifice is legitimate and preferable at Mina. Ibn Rushd says that the consensus of the `ulama' is in favour of slaughtering the hady at Mina. Secondly, the difference between the Imamiyyah and the other schools is that the Imamiyyah specify Mina, while others allow an open choice between Mina and other places inside the haram of Makkah.The Flesh of the HadyThe Hanbalis and the Shafi'is say that the flesh of the hady whose slaughtering inside the haram is wajib is to be distributed among the poor inside it. The Hanafis and the Malikis say: it is permissible to distribute it inside or outside the haram. The Shafi'is say: one may not (oneself) eat the flesh of a wajib hady, but that of a voluntary or mustahabb hady is permissible. The Malikis say: with the exception of the sacrifice made as fidyah for hurting someone (adha), hunting, or sacrifice vowed (nadhr) specifically for the poor, and the voluntary hady which dies before reaching its destination; the flesh of the hady may be eaten in all cases. (al‑Mughni, al‑Fiqh ala al‑madhahib al‑'arba`ah, Fiqh al‑Sunnah)The Imamiyyah say: a third of the flesh should be given to the poor believers; another third to other believers, even the well off; and the remaining third may be consumed by the pilgrim. (al-Jawahir, al‑Sayyid al‑Hakim and al‑Sayyid al‑Khu'i in their books on the manasik of Hajj).The Substitute Duty (al‑Badal)All the legal schools agree that when the Hajj pilgrim cannot find the hady nor possesses means to acquire one, its substitute is to keep fasts for ten days, three of which for successive days, are to be kept during the Hajj days and the remaining seven on returning home. This is in accordance with the Divine verse: 3فَمَنْ لَمْ يَجِدْ فَصِيَامُ ثَلَاثَةِ أَيَّامٍ فِي الْحَجِّ وَسَبْعَةٍ إِذَا رَجَعْتُمْ تِلْكَ عَشَرَةٌ كَامِلَةٌ...But if he lacks the means let him fast three days during the pilgrimage and seven when he has returned; that is ten days in all. (2:196)The criterion of capacity to offer the hady is ability to arrange one in the place, and when it can't be done the duty of hady is changed into that of the fasts. This holds even if the pilgrim should be a man of means in his own homeland. This is because the obligation is specific to the occasion and so is the capacity to fulfil it. A similar case is that of availability of water for taharah.Dhabh by a WakilIt is preferable that the Hajj pilgrim should slaughter the hady himself, though it is permissible to ask someone else to do it, because it is one of the rites in which delegation is possible. The one deputed (wakil) makes the niyyah of slaughtering on behalf of the one who deputes, and it is better that both of them should make the niyyah together. According to the Imamiyyah it is mustahabb for the pilgrim to put his hand on that of him who slaughters or at least be present at the time of slaughtering.Shaykh `Abd Allah al‑Mamqani, in Manahij al‑yaqin,writes: "If the wakil makes an error in mentioning the name of the one who appoints him, or forgets his name altogether, there is no harm in it." There is a good point here, for it is related from one of the Imams (`a) that in a marriage ceremony the wakil made a mistake while mentioning the bride's name or mentioned some other name. The Imam (`a) said, "It doesn't matter."Qani `and Mu`tarrIn regard to the verse 36 of the Surat al‑Hajj:ا فَكُلُوا مِنْهَا وَأَطْعِمُوا الْقَانِعَ وَالْمُعْتَرَّ...and eat of their flesh and feed with it the qani 'and the mu`tarr... (22:36)al‑Imam al‑Sadiq (`a) said, "The qani` is the (poor) man who is content with what you give him and does not show his displeasure and does not frown or twitch his mouth in irritation. The mu`tarr is one who comes to you for charity and presents himself."The Substitute for Camel SacrificeIf the sacrifice of a camel is obligatory upon someone, through kaffarah or nadhr, and he cannot arrange it, he must sacrifice seven sheep one after another, and if that is not possible fast for 18 days. (al‑Tadhkirah)Taqlid and Ish`ar`Taqlid; in this context, means putting a shoe or the like in the neck of the sacrificial animal. `Ish`ar' means making an incision in the right side of the hump of a camel or cow and letting it be stained by blood. The Sunni jurists regard ish`ar and taqlid as mustahabb except Abu Hanifah, who says that the taqlid of the sheep and the camel is sunnah, but ish'aris by no means permissible due to the pain it causes to the animal. (al‑Mughni) We all favour kind treatment of the animals, and at the same time we are all Muslims. Islam has permitted the slaughtering of animals and even made it obligatory in case of hady, as Abu Hanifah also concedes by his act and verdict. In this light, ish'aris more entitled to permissibility.Charity to Non‑MuslimsAl‑Sayyid al‑Khu'i, in his book on the rites of Hajj, says, "The Hajj pilgrim giving something in charity (sadaqah) or gifting the meat of the slaughtered animal, may give the latter to anybody he wishes, even a non‑mu'min or a non‑Muslim.In general the Imamiyyah permit the giving of non‑wajibsadaqat or making of endowment (waqf) in favour of a Muslim or a non‑Muslim. Sayyid Abu al‑Hasan al‑'Isfahani, in his Wasilat al‑najat, says: "In giving of mustahabb sadaqah, poverty or possession of iman or islam is not a condition for the recipient. He may be a well‑to‑do man, a non‑'Imami, a Dhimmi, and a total stranger (not a blood relation of the giver of charity)." Al‑Sayyid al‑Kazim, in the appendices of al‑`Urwat al‑wuthqa, permits giving of sadaqah even to a warring infidel (kafir harbi).The Burning or Burying of Slaughtered AnimalsIt is a custom among Hajj pilgrims nowadays that they offer money to whoever would accept the hady4, which he on receiving either buries or throws away because the number of the slaughtered animals is great and nobody around to make use of their meat.Throughout whatever I have read I did not come across anyone who should raise a question about the permissibility or otherwise of this practice. In 1949 a group of Egyptian pilgrims asked the al‑'Azhar for a fatwa, asking the permission for giving the price of the hady as help to the needy.In reply, al‑Shaykh Mahmud Shaltut, in Vol. 1, No.4 of the journal Risalat al‑'Islam which was issued by the Dar al‑Taqrib at Cairo, considered it obligatory to make the slaughter even if it should require burning or burial of the bodies of the slaughtered beasts.I contested his opinion in a long article which appeared in two successive numbers of the above‑mentioned journal in the year 1950. When the Dar al‑`Ilm li al‑Malayin, Beirut, wanted to bring out a new edition of my book al‑'Islam ma`a al‑hayat, I included it also with a title "Hal ta`abbadana al‑Shar` bi al‑hadyfihl yutrak fihi li‑al fasad?" ("Does the Shari'ah command us to make the sacrifice in order to rot?").There, I have drawn the conclusion that the hady is obligatory only when one can find someone to eat it or where it is possible to preserve the meat through drying or canning. But when the sacrifice is solely carried out for destruction through burning or burying, its permissibility in the present conditions seems doubtful and questionable. Anyone who wishes to see the details of my argument may refer to the second edition of al‑'Islam ma`a al‑hayat.Later I came across a tradition in al‑ Wasa'il which confirmed my position, and which the author had placed in the Book of udhiyyah (sacrifice) in a section entitled "Bdb ta'akkud istihbab al‑'udhiyyah". The tradition reads:عن الصادق عن أبائه عن رسول الله (ص) أنه قال: "إنما جُعل هذا الأضحى لتشبع مساكينكم من اللحم فأطعموهم."From al‑Sadiq (`a), from his ancestors, from the Prophet (s), that he said: "This sacrifice has been instituted to feed the poor among you with meat. So feed them."Although this tradition is related particularly to voluntary sacrifice, it also throws light on the purpose behind al‑hady al‑wajib.As mentioned, the first rite in Mina on the 10th is ramyof Jamrat al‑`Aqabah, after that the offering of hady, and then thirdly, halq or taqsir. We have already discussed the third under the head "Halq or Taqsir." We have referred to the rule about doing the halq or taqsir before the dhabh when discussing the order of the rites under the head "In Mina", where the reader will find its details.When the pilgrim completes his rites in Mina on the day of `Id (such as ramy and dhabh), he returns to Makkah to perform the tawaf al‑ziyarah; then he offers its related rak'atayn and performs the sa'y between Safa and Marwah. According to the four Sunni schools, he returns to Mina after that tawaf and everything becomes permissible to him thereupon, even sex. According to the Imamiyyah, he has to perform another tawaf the tawaf al‑nisa', and offer its related rak'atayn. Sex does not become permissible to the pilgrim, from the Imamiyyah viewpoint, without this tawafwhich we have already discussed in detail above.The Night at MinaAfter completing the tawaf, the pilgrim must return to Mina during what are called Layali al‑Tashriq, which are the nights of the llth, 12th, and 13th‑‑with the exception of him who being in a hurry departs after midday and before sunset on the 12th; there being nothing against him who leaves under these circumstances on the third day, in accordance with the verse:فَمَنْ تَعَجَّلَ فِي يَوْمَيْنِ فَلَا إِثْمَ عَلَيْهِ...He that departs on the second day incurs no sin .... (2:203)According to Abu Hanifah, to stay overnight in Mina is Sunnah not wajib. Those who consider it wajibagree that it is a rite and not a rukn. They disagree, however, regarding the necessity of kaffarah upon the defaulter. According to Ahmad ibn Hanbal, there is none; according to al‑Shafi`i, a mudd (al‑Tadhkirah, al‑Mughni, Fiqh al‑Sunnah); and according to Malikis, a sacrifice (al‑Zarqani's sharh of Malik's Muwatta').According to the Irnamiyyah, "If one spends the night at a place other than Mina, there is nothing upon him if he spends it at Makkah praying all the night until morning; but if the night is spent there without prayer, or somewhere else, in prayer or otherwise, he must sacrifice a sheep, even if the default was on account of oversight or ignorance". (al‑Sayyid al‑Hakim's Manahij al‑nasikin).There is no obligatory rite for the nights in Mina, though spending them in prayer and worship in mustahabb.Ramy during the Ayyam al‑TashriqThe schools agree that there is no rite except ramy of the three jimar every day during the three days called ayyam al‑tashriq, regardless of whether the pilgrim is performing Hajj al‑tamattu; al‑'ifrad or al‑qiran. Asto the number of pebbles and other things they have been mentioned under "Jamrat al‑`Aqabah."According to the Imamiyyah, the time of ramy on each of the three days extends from sunrise until sunset, midday being the preferable hour. The other schools say that it extends from midday until sunset, and if done earlier should be repeated. Abu Hanifah permits ramy before midday only on the third day. Ramy after sunset is permissible only for those with a [valid] excuse.All the five schools are in consensus about the number of jimar and the way of performing the ramy on the three days. Below is the way of its performance as described by al‑Tadhkirah and al‑Mughni.The pilgrim performs ramy on each of the three days by throwing 21 pebbles, seven in each of the three times. He begins at the first jamrah, al‑Jamrat al‑'Ula, which is the farthest of them from Makkah and nearer to Masjid al‑Khayf. It is mustahabb to toss the pebble in a fashion called hadhf1, from the left side standing at Batn al‑Masil, and to say takbir with every pebble that is thrown and to pray.After that, he proceeds to the second jamrah, called al‑Jamrat al‑Wusta, halts at the left side of the way, and, facing the Qiblah, praises Allah and prays for blessings upon the Prophet (s), then moving ahead a little prays, and then throws the pebbles in the same way as above, then pauses and prays after the last pebble.Then he moves on to the third point called Jamrat al‑`Aqabah, and performs the rite of ramy as before, without any pause after finishing. With this the rites of ramy for the day are complete. 2The total number of pebbles thrown on the three days in 63 (that is, if one spends the night of the 13th in Mina), 21 each day.With the seven thrown on the day of `Id the total number is 70.The author of al‑Tadhkirah, after the above description, says that there is no difference of opinion about it. The author of al‑Mughni makes a similar remark, adding that Malik has opposed the raising of hands.The description of the rites of ramy given by the author of al‑Mughni is similar if not exactly the same as the one given above by the author of al‑Tadhkirah.All schools, except Abu Hanifah, agree about the order of the ramy of the jimar, and that if one of them is stoned out of turn, then it is obligatory to repeat the rite in the correct order. Abu Hanifah says that the order is not binding. (al‑Tadhkirah, al‑Mughni)The ramy may be performed on foot or from a mount, though the former is better. It is permissible for one who has an excuse that someone else may perform it for him, and there is nothing upon one if he omits the takbir, the prayer or the pause after the second jamrah.If the ramy is delayed by a day intentionally, or on account of ignorance or oversight, or is put over completely until the last day of Tashriq and is performed on a single day, the pilgrim does not incur a kaffarah according to the Shafi`is and the Malikis. Abu Hanifah says that if one, two, or three pebbles are delayed by a day, for every pebble delayed a poor man must be fed; if four are delayed by a day, a sacrifice becomes essential.All the four schools are in consensus that if one does not perform the ramy at all until the days of Tashriq are past, he is not obliged to perform the rite later any time. But they disagree as to the related kaffarah, which, according to the Malikis is sacrifice regardless of some‑‑even one‑‑or all of the pebbles being omitted; according to the Hanafis the sacrifice is required for omitting all, and for fewer one must feed a poor man for every pebble omitted.The kaffarah according to Shafi'is is a mudd of food for every pebble if two are omitted; for three a sacrifice becomes obligatory. (Ibn Rushd's Bidayah, al‑Mughni)The Imamiyyah say, if the ramy of one or more jimar is forgotten, the rite must be performed during the days of Tashriq; but if forgotten altogether until one reaches Makkah, the pilgrim is obliged to return to Mina to perform them if the days of Tashriq are not past; otherwise he must perform the rite himself the following year, or depute another to perform it; in any case there is no kaffarah upon him. (al‑Tadhkirah) This agrees with the fatawa of al‑Sayyid al‑Hakim and al‑Sayyid al‑Khu'i, with the difference that the former regards the legal grounds in favour of the obligation of completion of the rite as stronger (aqwa), whereas the latter considers it as dictated by caution (ahwat), and both agree that intentional omission of ramy does not invalidate the Hajj.We referred earlier to the consensus of all the schools that it is sufficient for the Hajj pilgrim to remain for only two days of Tashriq in Mina and that he may depart before the sunset on 12th; if he remains until sunset, it is obligatory upon him to stay overnight and perform the rite of ramy on the 13th. The Imdmiyyah, however, say that the permissibility of leaving on the 12th is only for one who has not violated the prohibition on hunting and sex in the state of ihram; otherwise he is obliged to remain in Mina on the night of the 13th.Offering salat in the Masjid al‑Khayf at Mina is mustahabb, so also on the hill called Khayf. (al‑Tadhkirah)On returning to Makkah after the rites of Mina, it is, according to Imamis and Malikis, mustahabb to perform the tawaf al‑wada; which, according to Hanafis and Hanbal is, is wajib for non‑Makkans and those who do not wish to stay on in Makkah after returning from Mina. There is no tawaf al‑wada; nor any fidyah, for women who enter their periods before the departure, even from the viewpoint of those who consider the tawaf as obligatory; however, it is mustahabb for her to bid farewell to the House from the door nearest to it and without entering al‑Masjid al‑Haram.Here we conclude the discussion about the rites of Hajj.

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Corel PhotoPaint Image Corel Presentation Exchange Image Apple Viewer File .CNF Configuration (various) SpeedDial .CNM Windows Application Menu Options and Setup File .CNQ Compuworks Design Shop File .CNT Help File Contents (and other contents needs) .CNV MS Word Data Conversion File WS_FTP Pro Upload Conversion File Data WordPerfect Temporary File .COB COBOL Program File Caligari Truespace Format TrueSpace2 Object .COD Code List Compiler Program Code .COD Multiplan Data File dBase Template Source File FORTRAN Compiled Code .COL Autodesk Color Palette Multiplan Spreadsheet Lotus Notes Import Column Description File .COM Command (Executable file) .CON Knowledgeware Consolidation File Simdir Configuration File .CP8 CP8 256 Gray Scale Image .CPD Fax Coversheet Corel PrintOffice File Complaints Desk Script .CPE Fax Coversheet .CPF Complete Fax File .CPH Corel Print House Image .CPI Code Page Information ColorLab Image .CPJ CeQuadrant CD Project .CPL Control Panel Extension Corel Color Palette Compel Presentation .CPO Corel Print House File .CPP C++ Program CA-Cricket Presents Presentation .CPR Corel Presents Presentation Knowledge Access Graphics .CPS Antivirus Checksum File Central Point PC Tools Backup Colored PostScript File .CPT Macintosh Compressed File Corel Photo-Paint Image [Viewer] dBase Encrypted Memo CA Cricket Presents Template .CPX Control Panel Applet CryptaPix Encrypted Image Corel Presentation Exchange Compressed Drawing .CPY Copy Books Data File .CPZ COMPOZ Music Text .CRD Cardfile (Windows 3.x Database) .CRF Zortech C++ Cross-Reference File .CRH MS Golf Image File .CRL Certificate Revocation List .CRP dBase Encrypted Database Visual dBASE Custom Report Corel Presents Run-Time Presentation .CRS WordPerfect 5.1 for Windows File Conversion Resource .CRT Certificate File Oracle Terminal Settings Info UNIX Crontab File (not a required extension for Crontab) .CRU CRUSH Compressed Archive .CRY Crypto Chat II Encrypted Notebook-content .CSA Comma Deliminated Text .CSC Corel Script .CSD Bitstream Fontware File Chemsoft® MSDS Database File .CSF Chemical Sample File - Cache Software .CSH Hamilton Labs C Shell Script File .CSK Claris Works .CSM Borland C++ Symbol File Borland C++ 4.5 Precompiled Header Kodak DC265 Camera Script .CSP PC Emcee On-Screen Image .CSQ Foxpro Queries .CSS Hypertext Cascading Style Sheet Stats+ Datafile Statistica Datasheet .CST Macromedia Director Cast File .CSV Comma-Separated Variables .CT Scitex CT Bitmap .CTF TIFF Compressed File Symphony Character Code Translation .CTL Setup Information (various) User Control (various) .CTX Compressed Text Visual Basic User Control Binary File Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) Ciphertext File MS Online Course Text .CTY SimCity City File .CUE MS Cue Cards Data .CUF Turbo C Utilities Form Definition .CUL IconForge/ImageForge Cursor Library .CUR Cursor [Viewer] .CUT Dr. Halo Bitmap Graphic .CV Corel Versions Archive MS CodeView Information .CV4 Codeview Colors .CVP WinFax Cover Page .CVS Canvas Drawing File .CVT dBase Converted Database .CVW Codeview Colors .CWE Crossword Express .CWK Claris Works Data .CWS Claris Works Template .CXT Macromedia Director Protected Cast File .CXX Zortech C++ Program Top of Page .D Dialect Source Code File .D3D CorelDream 3D File .D64 Commodore 64 Emulator Disk Image .D8A AmBiz Productivity Pak Catalog .DAD Chromeleon Channel Raw Data .DAP Omnis5 Application File MS Access Data Access Page .DAT Data (multiple programs) WordPerfect Merge Data (also possibly) MPEG File .DB Paradox Database .DB2 dBase II File .DBC MS Visual Foxpro Database Container .DBF Database (multiple programs) [started as dBASE] Oracle 8.x Tablespace File .DBK dBase Database Backup Orcad Schematic Capture Backup File .DBM Cold Fusion Template .DBO dBase IV Compiled Program File .DBQ Paradox Memo .DBT Database Text File [dBASE] .DBV Flexfile Memo Field File .DBW DataBoss Database File .DBX Database (multiple programs) DataBeam Image MS Visual Foxpro Table .DC DesignCAD CAD File .DC2 DesignCAD CAD File .DC5 DataCAD Drawing File .DCA Visual Basic Active Designer Cache IBM DisplayWrite Document Content Architecture Text File .DCD Document Content Description File .DCF Design Rule for Camera File Systems File .DCM DCM Module Format .DCP Delphi Compiled Packages OS/2 Data CodePage .DCR Shockwave File .DCS Quark Desktop Color Separation Specification ACT! Activity Data File .DCT Dictionary (various) MS Visual Foxpro Database Container .DCU Delphi Compiled Unit .DCX FAX Image [Viewer] Bitmap Graphics [Viewer] Macros MS Visual Foxpro Database Container .DD Macintosh Compressed Disk Doubler Archive .DDB Bitmap Graphics File .DDE Dynamic Data Exchange .DDF BTRIEVE Database Bitstream Fontware File .DDI DiskDupe Image Disk Doubler Image .DDP OS/2 Device Driver Profile File .DEB DOS Debug Script Debian Linux Package .DEF Definitions Defaults SGML Tag Definition SmartWare II Data File C++ Definition Geoworks Assembly Header File .DEL Data .DEM Demonstration USGS Map .DEP Setup Wizard Dependency .DER Certificate File .DES Description Text .DEV Device Driver Device Independent TeX LaTeX File .DEZ DES Encrypted Zip File .DF1 Omnis7 and Omnis Studio Database File (also .DF2, .DF3, etc.) .DFD File Flow Diagram Graphic .DFI Digifont Outline Font Description .DFL Signature Default Program Settings .DFM Delphi Forms File Flow Diagram Model .DFS Delight Sound File .DFV Word Print Format Template .DG Autotrol Graphics .DGC TurboTax-related File .DGN Microstation95 CAD Drawing File Intergraph Graphics .DGS AT Advanced Diagnostics File .DH Geoworks Dependency Information File .DHP Dr. Halo PIC .DHT Gauss Data File .DIA Computer Support Corp Diagraph Graphics File .DIB Device-Independent Bitmap Graphic [Viewer] .DIC Dictionary (various) .DIF Data Interchange Format .DIG Text Document Digilink Format Sound Designer Audio File .DIP Graphics File .DIR Procomm Plus Dialing Directory Macromedia Director File DEC VAX Directory .DIS Corel Draw Thesaurus .DIT MS Win2000 Active Directory Schema .DIZ Description In Zip File .DKB DKBTrace Ray-Traced Graphics File .DL Animations file .DLD Lotus File .DLG Dialog Resource Script C++ Dialogue Script .DLL Dynamic Link Library CorelDraw Export/Import Filter .DLS Downloadable Sounds (Interactive Music Architecture) Norton DiskLock Setup File .DMD Visual dBASE Data Module .DMF Delusion/XTracker Digital Music File Packed Amiga Disk Image .DMO Demo .DMP Dump (various) .DMS Compressed Archive .DNE Darn v5+ (Windows) Events List .DOB User Document Form File .DOC Document or Documentation (many programs/formats) MS Word Document .DOG Laughing Dog Screen Saver .DOH Geoworks Dependency Information File .DOS Text File/DOS Specification Info .DOT MS Word Document Template Corel Lines-Definition .DOX Text File MultiMate Document User Document Binary Form File .DOZ VENDINFO Description Out of Zip File .DP Daily Planner Calendar File DataPhile Data File .DPA Serif DrawPlus Animation .DPJ DeskProto CAM Project File .DPK Delphi Package File .DPL Borland Delphi 3 Packed Library .DPP Serif DrawPlus Drawing .DPR Borland C++ (or Delphi) Default Project .DPT Publish-It! Publication File .DPX Digital Moving Picture Exchange .DQY MS Excel ODBC Query File .DRC Orcad Schematic Capture Design Rules Check Report File .DRN Darn for DOS .DRS WordPerfect Driver Resource .DRV Device Driver .DRW Drawing (various) Micrografix Vector Graphic Pro/E Drawing .DS4 Micrografx Designer Graphics (ver 4) .DSC Oracle Discard File Nikon Coolpix Disk Identification File .DSD DataShaper Database File Document Structure Definition File .DSF Micrografx Designer Delusion/XTracker Digital Sample .DSG Doom Saved Game .DSK Borland C++ or Turbo Pascal Project Desktop File Novell Driver File .DSL Lingvo User Feature Dictionary .DSM Delphi Symbol File Digital Sound Module Tracker Format Dynamic Studio Music Module .DSN ODBC Data Source SureThing Office Labeler (formerly DesignExpress) Document Orcad Schematic Capture Schematic File .DSP Signature Display Parameters Dr. Halo Graphic Screen Driver MS Developer Studio Project .DSQ Corel QUERY File .DSR WordPerfect Driver Active Designer File .DSS Digital Soup Digital Sound File .DST Embroidery Machines Graphics File .DSW MS Developer Studio Workspace Borland C++ Desktop Settings .DSX Active Designer Binary File .DT_ Macintosh Data File Fork .DTA Data (Various) .DTD SGML Document Definition File .DTF Q&A Database .DTM DigiTrekker Module .DTP SecurDesk! Desktop Timeworks Publisher Text Document Pressworks Template File .DUN Dial-Up Network .DUP Duplicate Backup .DV DESQview Script Digital Video File .DVC Lotus File .DVF DV Studio Camcorder Graphics File .DVI Device Independent Document .DVP DESQview Program Information AutoCAD Device Parameter .DVR Device Driver .DW2 DesignCAD Drawing File .DWC Compressed Archive .DWD DiamondWare Digitized File .DWF Autodesk Vector Graphic .DWG AutoCAD Drawing Database .DWP Dweep Game Levels DeScribe Document File .DWS Dyadic Workspace File .DWT AutoCAD Template/Prototype File .DX Document Imaging File Digital Electric Corporation (DEC) Data Exchange File .DXB Drawing Interchange Binary .DXF AutoCAD Drawing Interchange Format .DXN Fujitsu dexNet Fax Document .DXR Macromedia Director Protected Movie File .DYN Lotus File Top of Page .EBJ Geoworks Error Checking Object File .ECC Ecchi Role-playing Format (Generally X-rated Anime File) .ECW Ensoniq Waveset Format .ED5 EDMICS Graphics File .ED6 EDMICS Graphics File .EDA Ensoniq ASR Disk Image .EDB ROOTS3 Geneological Data .EDD FrameMaker Element Definition Document .EDE Ensoniq EPS Disk Image .EDK Ensoniq KT Disk Image .EDQ Ensoniq SQ1/SQ2/KS32 Disk Image .EDS Ensoniq SQ80 Disk Image .EDT VAX Edt Default Settings .EDV Ensoniq VFX-SD Disk Image .EEB WordPerfect Equation Editor Button Bar .EFA Ensoniq ASR File .EFE Ensoniq EPS File .EFK Ensoniq KT File .EFQ Ensoniq SQ1/SQ2/KS32 File .EFS Ensoniq SQ80 File .EFT Chiwriter High Res Screen Characters .EFV Ensoniq VFX-SD File .EFX Everex EFax Fax Document .EGA Ventura EGA Screen Characters .EL eMacs Lisp Source Code .ELC eMacs Lisp Byte-compiled Source Code .ELI Encyclopedia Article List .ELM MS FrontPage Theme-Pack File .ELT Event List Text .EMB Everest Embedded Bank File .EMD ABT Extended Module .EMF Extended Windows Metafile Format [Viewer] .EML MS Outlook Express Electronic Mail .EMS PC Tools Enhanced Menu System Config .EMU Emulation .ENC UUENCODEd Encoded File Video File Knowledgeware Encyclopedia Encore Music File .END Corel Arrow Definition .ENG Dictionary .ENR Enroute Toolath .ENV WordPerfect Environment .EPD Express Publisher Publication File .EPI Express Publisher Document File .EPS Encapsulated PostScript [Viewer] Ventura Printer Font .EQN WordPerfect Equation .ER1 ERWin File .ERD Entity Relationship Diagram .ERM Entity Relationship Diagram Model .ERR Error Log (various) .ERX ERWin File .ESF Emblaze Audio File .ESH Extended Shell Batch File .ESI Esri Plot File .ESL MS Visual FoxPro Distributable Support Library .ETH Ethnograph Document File .ETX SetText Structure Enhanced Text .EUC Japanese (Kanji) .EUI Ensoniq EPS Family Compacted Disk Image .EVT PC Tools Event File Scheduler MS WinNT/2000 Event Log .EVY Envoy Document .EWD Express Publisher for Windows Document .EWL MS Encarta Document .EX3 Harvard Device Driver (Harvard Graphics taken over by Serif) .EXC QEMM Exclude File REXX Program MS Word Exclusion Dictionary Text Document .EXE Executable File .EXP ICQ Saved Chat File .EXT Norton Commander Extension File .EYB Encyclopedia Yearbook File .EZP Edify Electronic Workforce Backup Utility .EZS Sunburst Technology Easy Sheet Document .EZT Sunburst Technology Easy Sheet Template Top of Page .F Compressed Archive File (UNIX) FORTRAN Program .F01 Perfect Fax Document .F06 DOS 6 Pixel Screen Font .F07 DOS 7 Pixel Screen Font .F08 DOS 8 Pixel Screen Font .F09 DOS 9 pixel Screen Font .F10 DOS 10 Pixel Screen Font .F11 DOS 11 Pixel Screen Font .F12 DOS 12 Pixel Screen Font .F13 DOS 13 Pixel Screen Font .F14 DOS 14 Pixel Screen Font .F15 DOS 15 Pixel Screen Font .F16 DOS 16 Pixel Screen Font .F2R Farandoyle Linear Module Format .F3R Farandoyle Blocked Module Format .F32 Raw 32-bit IEEE Floating Point Values .F64 Raw 64-bit IEEE Floating Point Values .F77 FORTRAN 77 Program .F90 FORTRAN Program .F96 Frecom FAX96 Document .FAC FACE Graphic .FAQ Frequently Asked Questions .FAR Farandoyle Tracker Music Module .FAS 3D Fassade Plus Basic Module .FAV MS Outlook Bar Shortcuts .FAX Fax File .FBC FamilyTree Compressed Backup File .FBK Navison Financials Backup FamilyTree Backup File .FBM Fuzzy Bitmap .FBS File Burner Skin .FC Harvard Dictionary (Harvard Graphics taken over by Serif) .FCD Virtual CD-ROM FastCAD/EasyCAD Output Patton & Patton Flow Charting 3 File .FCT Foxpro Catalog .FD FORTRAN Declarations Dataflex Field Compiler Offsets .FDB Navison Financials Database Art Explosion Portfolio Catalog File .FDF Adobe Acrobat Forms Document .FDX Force Index .FEB WordPerfect Figure Editor Button Bar .FEM CADRE Finite Element Mesh File .FES A file produced when a fileless occurrence in Topicscape is exported to Windows. URL: www.topicscape.com Company: 3D-Scape Limited www.3d-scape.com (added 2005-09-22) .FEX Focus File .FF AGFA CompuGraphics Outline Font Description .FFA MS Fast Find File .FFF GUS PnP Bank defFax Fax Document .FFL MS Fast Find File PrintMaster Gold Image File .FFO MS Fast Find File .FFT DCA/FFT Final Form Text .FFX MS Fast Find File .FGA Folder Guard Attributes .FGD Folder Guard Data .FGP Folder Guard Passwords File .FH3 Aldus Freehand 3 Drawing .FH4 Aldus Freehand 4 Drawing .FI FORTRAN Interface File .FIF Fractal Image Format .FIG REND386/AVRIL Graphic .FIL dBase Files List Object WordPerfect Overlay .FIN WordPerfect Print Format Text .FIT FITS Graphic .FIX Generic Patch File .FKY Foxpro Macro .FLA Macromedia Flash Movie .FLB Papyrus Format Library .FLC AutoDesk FLIC Animated Picture .FLD Charisma Folder Hijaak Thumbnail Folder .FLF Corel Paradox Form OS/2 Driver File Navison Financials License File .FLI Autodesk FLIC Animation .FLL Foxpro Library .FLM AutoCAD Film .FLR Live3D File .FLT Corel Graphic Filter StarTrekker Music Module MulitGen Open Flight File .FLX Image File Dataflex Ordered Binder .FM Adobe FrameMaker Document FileMaker Pro Spreadsheet .FM1 Lotus Spreadsheet File .FM3 Harvard Device Driver (Harvard Graphics taken over by Serif) 1-2-3 Format File .FMB WordPerfect File Manager Button Bar Oracle Binary Form Source Code .FMD Open Access File .FML GetRight File Mirror List .FMO dBase Ordered Format .FMP FileMaker Pro Document .FMT Format File Style Sheet Oracle Text Form Format MS Schedule+ Print File MS Visual FoxPro Csreen Format File .FMV Frame Vector Metafile .FMX Oracle Executable Form .FND MS Explorer Saved Search .FNG Font Navigator Group File .FNK FunkTracker Module .FNO Folio Infobase .FNT Font File .FOG Fontographer Font .FON Font File Procomm Plus Call Log .FOR FORTRAN Source .FOT Font-related File .FOX FoxBase File .FP FileMaker Pro File .FP1 Flying Pigs for Windows Data .FP3 FileMaker Pro File .FP5 FileMaker Pro Document .FPC FoxPro Catalog File .FPT FileMaker Pro File FoxPro Memo Fields .FPX FlashPix Bitmap [Viewer] .FRM Form File FrameMaker Document FrameBuilder Document Oracle Executable Form Visual Basic Form WordPerfect Merge Form DataCAD Symbol Report File .FRS WordPerfect Graphics Driver .FRT FoxPro Report File .FRX Visual Basic Binary Form File FoxPro Report File .FSF Convert It! Factor File fPrint Audit Tool File .FSL Borderland's Paradox 7 Forms Corel Paradox Saved Form .FSM Farandoyle Sample Format .FST FastStats Analyzer File .FT Lotus Notes Full Text Index .FTG Windows Help Full-text Search Group File .FTM Family File .FTS Windows Help Full-Text Search Index File .FTV Forest & Trees File .FTW Family File .FW2 Framework II File .FW3 Framework III File .FW4 Framework IV File .FWL FileWrangler EXE Library .FXD WinFax Sent Document (TIFF format) .FXI File-Ex File .FXP FoxPro Compiled Source .FXR WinFax Received Document (TIFF format) .FZB Casio FZ-1 Bank Dump .FZF Casio FZ-1 Full Dump .FZV Casio FZ-1 Voice Dump Top of Page .G3 G3 FAX File [Viewer] .G4 GTX RasterCAD File .GAL Gallery of Pictures Corel Multimedia Manager Album .GB Chinese .GBK Interbase Database Backup .GC Sierra Print Artist File .GCA GOCA Graphics File .GCD Generic CADD Drawing .GCF WinXComp Grouped Compressed File .GCI GTA2 Game File .GCP Ground Control Point File (map projection) .GDB Interbase Database .GDM Bells, Whistles, and Sound Boards Module .GDS Image File .GED GEDCOM Family History File Graphic Environment Document Arts & Letters Graphics File .GEM GEM (a desktop interface) File .GEN Ventura-Generated Text File Chromeleon Generic Driver Configuration .GEO VideoScope File .GFC Patton & Patton Flowcharting 4 File .GFI Genigraphics Graphics Link Presentation .GFX Genigraphics Graphics Link Presentation .GHO Symantec Ghost Disk Image File .GID Windows Help Index File .GIF Graphic Interchange Format [Viewer] .GIM Genigraphics Graphics Link Presentation .GIX Genigraphics Graphics Link Presentation .GKH Ensoniq EPS Family Disk Image .GKS Gravis GripKey Document .GL Animated Picture .GLY MS Word Glossary .GMP GTA2 Game File .GNA Genigraphics Graphics Link Presentation .GNT Micro Focus Generated Code .GNX Genigraphics Graphics Link Presentation .GP3 CCITT Group 3 File (fax) .GP4 CCITT Group 4 File (fax) .GPP Serif GraphicsPlus Object .GR2 Windows 3.0 Screen Driver .GR3 Windows 3.0 Screen Grabber .GRA Flight Simulator File MS Graph Chart .GRB MS-DOS Shell Monitor .GRD Gradebook Power File Map Projection Grid File .GRF Graph Golden Software Graph File Grafix Idea File .GRP Program Manager Group .GRY Picture File .GSM Raw GSM 6.10 Audio Stream US Robotics Modem File .GSP Geometer's Sketchpad Material File .GT2 Graoumftracker Music Module (new) .GTK Graoumftracker Music Module (old) .GTY Gibson Tray File .GWX Genigraphics Graphics Link Presentation .GWZ Genigraphics Graphics Link Presentation .GX1 Show Partner Graphics File .GX2 Show Partner Graphics File .GXT GTA2 Game File .GZ Gzip Compressed Archive Top of Page .H Header (Usually C Compiler) .H! Flambeaux Tutorial Database .H++ C++ Header File .H-- Sphinx C-- Header File .HA Compressed Archive .HAM Image File .HBK Mathcad Handbook .HDF Hierarchical Data Format File .HDL Procomm Plus Alternate Download File Listing .HDR Procomm Plus Message Header PC-File+ Database Header .HDX Help Index (Various) .HED HighEdit Document .HEL MS Hellbender Saved Game .HEX Hex Dump Macintosh BinHex 2.0 File .HFI HP Font Info .HFX HotFax File .HGL HP Graphics Language .HH C++ Header Help Topic Map File .HHC Table of Contents File (HHW Application) TurboTax Contents File .HHH Power C Precompiled Header .HHK Help Workshop Index File .HHP Procomm Plus Help Data .HHP HTML Help Project .HLP Windows Help File .HMM Procomm Plus Alternate Mail Read Option Menu .HOF Hall Of Fame (scores) .HOG Lucas Arts Dark Forces WAD File .HPF PageMaker HP LaserJet Fonts .HPG Hewlett-Packard Graphics (plotter) .HPI Gem Font Information .HPJ Help Project File .HPK Compressed Archive .HPL HP Graphics File .HPP C++ Program Header .HPR RoboHELP Configuration File .HQX Binhex Text Conversion File (Macintosh) .HRL Herolab EasyWin32 .HPM Procomm Plus Alternate Main Menu .HPP Zortech C++ Header .HPR RoboHelp Configuration .HQX Macintosh BinHex 4 Compressed Archive .HRM Procomm Plus Alternate Main Menu .HRX Herolab EasyWin32 .HRZ Image File .HSS Photoshop Hue/Saturation Information .HST History File Host File .HT HyperTerminal .HTA Hypertext Application (run apps from HTML doc) .HTF WebBase File .HTI WebBase File .HTM Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) .HTT Hypertext Template .HTX Extenended Hypertext Template Internet Database Connector File .HWP Hangul Word Processor File .HXM Procomm Plus Alternate Protocol Selection Menu Descent2 HAM File .HXX C++ Header .HYC WordPerfect Hyphenation File .HYD WordPerfect Hyphenation Dictionary .HYP Hypertext File Hyphenation File Compressed Archive .HZ Chinese Top of Page .IBA mde infoHandler Infobase File .IBM Image File .ICA Citrix File IOCA Graphics File .ICB Targa Bitmap .ICC Kodak Printer Image .ICE Archive File .ICL Icon Library File (various) ImageForge/IconForge [Viewer] .ICM Image Color Matching Profile File .ICN Icon Program .ICO Icon [Viewer] .ICS Outlook Calendar File .ID Disk Identification File .IDB MS Developers Intermediate File .IDD MIDI Instrument Definition .IDE Integrated Development Environment Configuration File .IDF MIDI Instruments Drivers File .IDQ Internet Data Query File .IDX Index (multiple programs) .IEF Image File .IFF Graphic, Sound (Interchangeable File Format) [Viewer] .IFS OS/2 System File IconForge Image EXE Library .IGF Inset Systems Metafile .IGS IGES-Format .IIF QuickBooks for Windows Interchange File .III Intel Phone Compatible .IL Icon Library .IM8 Sun Raster Graphic .IMA WinImage File .IMF ImageForge/ImageForge Image EXE Library .IMG Bitmap Graphic (several programs) [Viewer] .IMP Urban Chaos Game File .IN3 Harvard Input Device Driver (Harvard Graphics taken over by Serif) .INC Include File (various) .IND dBase IV or DataPerfect Index .INF Information or Setup File .INI Initialization file (many) .INK Pantone Reference File .INP Oracle Source Code .INS Internet Communication Setting WordPerfect File Ensoniq EPS Family Instrument Sample Cell / II Instrument InstallShield Script X-Internet Sign-up File .INT Borland Interface Units Foxpro Code Page Intermediate Code used for syntax checking (various) .INX Foxbase Index .IO Compressed Archive .IOB Imagine File .IOF Findit Document .ION Text Program/Installation Description .IPL Corel Pantone Spot Reference Palette .IPX Interactive Pictures Corporation AV File .IQY Excel Web Query .IRS WordPerfect Resource File .ISD RapidFile Dictionary .ISH Compressed Archive File .ISO File List for CD-ROM .ISP X-Internet Sign-up File Internet Communication Settings .ISS InstallShield Response File .IST Digitrakker Instrument File .ISU InstallShield Uninstall Script Netscape File .IT Impulse Tracker Music Module .ITI Impulse Tracker Instrument .ITS Internet Document Set Impulse Tracker Sample .IV VRML File Open Inventor File .IVF Indeo Video File .IW Iconware Application Idlewild Screensaver .IWA IBM Writing Assistant Text .IWP Wang Text File .IX Framemaker Index File Top of Page .J62 Ricoh Camera File .JAR Java Archive File .JAS Compressed Graphic .JBC Jam Byte-Code Hex File (8051 Microprocessor File) .JBD SigmaScan Data File .JBF Paint Shop Pro Browser File .JBX Project Scheduler File .JFF JPEG Image .JFI Image File .JIF JPEG Image .JIS Japanese .JMP SAS JMPDiscovery Chart-to-statistics File .JMS Voxtron TeleButler Graphical Voice Response Call Flow .JN1 Epic MegaGames Jill of the Jungle Data File .JNB Sigma Plot Workbook File .JNK Junk (temporary file) .JNL Ingres Journal File .JOB Job File Task Scheduler Task Object QuestVision Vector Graphics File (IMG File Conversion) .JOR MS SQL Server Journal File .JPC Picture File (Japanese) .JPE JPEG Image .JPG JPEG Image [Viewer] .JS JavaScript Source Code .JSD eFAX Jet Suite Document .JSL PaintShop Pro File .JSP Java Server Page .JT JT Fax .JTF JPEG Tagged Interchange Format Image .JTK Sun Java ToolKit File .JW Justwrite Text .JWL Justwrite Text File Library .JZZ Jazz Spreadsheet Top of Page .K25 Kurzweil 2500 Sample .KAR Karaoke MIDI File .KB Borland C++ Keyboard Script Knowledge Pro Source Code .KBD Keyboard Script File Layout (various) .KBI Keirsey-Bates Temperament Sorter Index .KBM Reflection Keyboard Script File Layout .KBP Keirsey-Bates Temperament Sorter Profile .KBR Keirsey-Bates Temperament Sorter Data .KCL Kyoto Common LISP Source Code .KDC Kodak Photo-Enhancer [Viewer] .KEX KEDIT Profile File .KEY Keyboard Macros Forecast Pro Datafile Program Security or Registration File (various) DataCAD Icon Toolbar File .KFX KoFax Group 4 Image .KIZ Kodak Digital Postcard File .KKW RoboHELP Keyword Help project Index File .KMP Korg Trinity KeyMaP File .KNO Personal Knowbase File .KPP SmartPad Toolpad .KQP Konica Camera File .KR1 Kurzweil 2000 Sample (multi-floppy) .KRZ Kurzweil 2000 Sample .KSC Korg Trinity Script .KSE Keepsake Studio Export File .KSF Korg Trinity Sample .KSH Prodigy Internet Registration File .KTT KeyText Data File .KYB Keyboard Layout .KYE Kye Game Data Top of Page .L LEX Program File Link Instructions LISP Program File .LAB Mailing Labels .LAT Crossword Express Lattice File .LAY Applause Word Chart Layout .LBG dBase IV Label Generator .LBL Labels (various) .LBM Deluxe Paint Bitmap Graphic [Viewer] .LBO dBase IV Ordered Labels .LBR Compressed Archive File Lotus Screen Driver Omnis7 Application File .LBS Omnis Studio Application File .LBT Foxpro Label Memo .LBX Foxpro Label .LCF Linker Control File .LCK MS Frontpage-related File Adobe Pagemaker Database File .LCN WordPerfect Dictionary File .LD Telix Long Distance Codes .LD1 dBase Overlay File .LDB MS Access Lock File TrueVector Log Database .LDF LuraDocument File [Viewer] .LDL Corel Paradox Delivered Library .LEG Legacy Graphic Format .LES Learn Lesson File Logitech Entertainment Game Profile .LET Letter .LEX Lexicon (dictionary file) .LFT Chiwriter Laser Printer Font 3D Studio Loft File .LGC Program Use Log File (for Windows Program Use Optimization) .LGO MS Windows Logo Driver .LGT Urban Chaos Game File .LHA Compressed Archive File (LZH) .LHS Literate Haskell Source File .LHW Compressed Amiga Archive File .LHZ LHA Compressed Archive File .LIB Program Library (diverse programmers' languages) .LIC License File (various Shareware) .LIF Compressed Archive File HP Logical Interchange Format File .LIN AutoCAD Line Art .LIS Program Listing Structured Query Reporting (SQR) Output .LIT MS Reader EBook File .LJ Text File for HP LJ II Printer .LLC LapLink Saved Connection File .LLX Laplink Exchange Agent .LM8 Picture File .LMD Tune Smithy List of Modes for a Musical Scale .LND 3D Landscape Data .LNK Linker File Windows Shortcut File .LOG Log File (many different programs) .LOK FileWrangler/ZipWrangler/SecurDesk! Encrypted Archive .LP LP88 Linear Programming for the IBM-PC File .LPB LP88 Linear Programming for the IBM-PC File .LPD Helix Nuts and Bolts File (Helix Software now part of McAfee) .LRC Intel Video Phone File .LRF Linker Response File .LRS WordPerfect Language Resource File .LSC Tune Smithy List of Muscial Scales .LSF Streaming Audio/Video File .LSL Corel Paradox Saved Library .LSP LISP Program File .LST Listing or List (e.g., packing list) PowerPoint File Ingres Dump List File .LSX Streaming Audio/Video Shortcut .LTR Letter .LU ThoughtWing Library Unit File .LVL Parallax Miner Descent/D2 Level Extension .LWF LuraWave-compressed Graphic File [Viewer] .LWP Lotus Wordpro 96/97 File .LWV MS Linguistically Enhanced Sound File .LYR DataCAD Layer File .LYT TurboTax Log File .LZH Compressed Archive File .LZS Compressed Archive File Skyroads Data File .LZW Compressed Amiga Archive File .LZX Compressed File Top of Page .M Matlab Function Macro Source Mathematica File .M?? Ingres Modify Table/Index File (?? = Hex 00 to FF) .M18 Accolade Golf Course File .M1V MPEG File .M3 ModuleA 3 Program File .M3A MPEG Archive Enhanced .M3U Playlist File .M3D 3D Animations Macro Corel Motion 3D Animation .M3U MPEG URL .MA3 Harvard Macro (Harvard Graphics taken over by Serif) .MAC MacPaint Bitmap Graphic Macro (various) .MAD MS Access Module Shortcut .MAF MS Access Form Shortcut .MAG Picture File MS Access Diagram Shortcut .MAI Mail .MAK Make File (compiler project file) .MAM MS Access Macro Shortcut .MAN Manual .MAP Image Color Palette Duke Nukem WAD File Ingres Termcap Mapping File Linker Map Micrografx Format Data .MAQ MS Access Query Shortcut .MAR MS Access Report Shortcut .MAS Focus Master Data Definition MS Access Stored Procedures Lotus Freelance Graphics Smartmaster File .MAT Sound File Matlab Variables Binary File MS Access Table Shortcut .MAV MS Access View Shortcut .MAW MS Access Data Access Page .MAX Kinetix's 3D Studio MAX Scene Paperport File OrCAD Layout File .MAZ Hover Maze Data Division's dVS/dVISE File .MB Paradox Memo Holder .MB1 Apogee Monster Bash Data File .MBF MS Money Backup File .MBK dBase IV Multiple Index Backup .MBX Mailbox Message File (Outlook v1-4 or Eudora) .MCC Mathcad Configuration Dialer10 Calling Card Monu-Cad Pro CAD File .MCD Mathcad Document Monu-Cad Pro CAD File .MCF Mathcad Font .MCI Media Control Interface Command Set .MCL Multimedia Manager Collection File .MCP Mathcad Printer Driver .MCR DataCAD Keyboard Macro File .MCS MathCAD Format File .MCW Word for Macintosh Text File .MCX Graphic File .MD Compressed Archive File .MDA MS Access Add-in MS Access 2 Workgroup .MDB MS Access Database MS Access Application .MDE MS Access Database File .MDF Menu Definition File .MDL Digitrakker Music Module Quake Model File .MDM Telix Modem Definition .MDN MS Access Blank Database Template .MDP MS Developer Studio Project .MDT MS Access Add-in Data .MDW MS Access Workgroup Information .MDX dBase IV Multiple Index .MDZ MS Access Wizard Template .ME Information (e.g., READ.ME) .MEB WordPerfect Macro Editor Bottom Overflow File .MED WordPerfect Macro Editor Delete Save OctaMED Tracker Module .MEM WordPerfect Macro Editor Macro Memory File of Variables .MEN Menu .MEQ WordPerfect Macro Editor Print Queue .MER WordPerfect Macro Editor Resident Area Data Interchange Format .MES Message File WordPerfect Macro Editor Work Space .MET WordPerfect Macro Editor Top Overflow File Presentation Manager Meta File OmniPage Document .MEU DOS Shell Menus .MEX Matlab Executable Command WordPerfect Macro Editor Expound File .MF MetaFont Text File .MFF MIDI File Format .MGC MGCSoft Equation Editor File .MGF Image File Micrografx Font Materials and Geometry Format File .MGM MGCSoft Equation Editor Macro File .MH Graphic File .MHG Multimedia File .MHT MS MHTML Document (Archived Web Page) .MI Miscellaneous .MIC MS Image Composer File .MID MIDI File [Viewer] .MIF MIDI Instrument Adobe FrameMaker Interchange Format .MIL Group 4 Fax File .MIM Multi-Purpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) File [MIME] .MIX Power C Object File Multilayer Picture File (MS PhotoDraw 2000 & MS Picture It!) Command & Conquer Movie/Sound File .MK Make File .MKE Make File .MKI Picture File .MLB Macro Library .MLI Encyclopedia Media List 3D Studio's Material-Library File .MLS Miles Sound Tools Compressed DLS .MM Macro Mania Macro .MMC Media Catalog .MME Multi-Purpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) File [MIME] .MMF Meal Master Format MS Mail File .MMM Animation MS Multimedia Movie .MMP MindManager Player Play List File .MMS Miles Sound Tools (Midi+DLS/MLS) .MMZ MusicMatch Theme File .MN2 Descent2 Mission File .MND AutoCAD Menu Program File MNI Mandelbrot for Windows .MNG Animation Shop Animation Multi-image Network Graphics .MNT Foxpro Menu Memo .MNU Menu File (various) .MNW Menu File (various) .MNX AutoCAD Compiled Menu File Foxpro Menu .MNY MS Money File .MOB Device Definitions .MOD Music File ModuleA-2 Program File Windows Kernel Module Amiga and PC Tracker Module MS Multiplan Spreadsheet .MOV QuickTime Video Clip [Viewer] Apple QuickTime Audio .MOZ Netscape Temp File .MP Multiplan File .MP1 MPEG Audio Stream, Layer I .MP2 MPEG Audio Stream, Layer II .MP3 MPEG Audio Stream, Layer III [Viewer] .MPA MPEG Audio Stream, Layer I, II or III .MPC MS Project Calender .MPD Mini Port Driver .MPE MPEG Movie Clip .MPG MPEG Animation [Viewer] MPEG 1 System Stream .MPJ RoboHTML Project .MPM WordPerfect MathPlan Macro .MPP MS Project File CAD Drawing File .MPQ Blizzard Game Data File .MPR Foxpro Program .MPS Multimedia File .MPT MS Project Template File .MPV MS Project View .MPX Foxpro Compiler Menu MS Project Export File .MRB Multiple Resolution Bitmap Graphic .MRI MRI Scan .MRK Informative Graphics Markup File .MRS WordPerfect Macro Resource File .MS Checksum File for Anti-Virus .MSA Magic Shadow Archive .MSC Microsoft Common Console Document .MSG Program Message OzWin Message/Mail File MS Mail Message .MSH MASH (The Microsoft Agent Scripting Helper) .MSI Windows Installer File .MSK Autodesk Mask File PaintShop Pro Mask File .MSN MS Network Document Descent Mission File .MSP MS Paint Graphic File Windows Installer Patch .MST Minispecification Windows SDK Setup Script .MSW Word Text File .MTH Derive Math File .MTM Sound File MultiTracker Music Module .MTV Picture File .MTW Minitab Data File .MU Quattro Menu .MUL Ultima Online Game .MUP Music Publisher File .MUS Audio File .MVB Database MS Multimedia Viewer File .MVF Movie Stop Frame File .MWP Lotus Wordpro 97 Smartmaster File .MXT MS C .MYS Myst Saved Game .MZ MOZART Music Document .MZT MOZART Template File Top of Page .NAN Nanoscope File .NAP NAP Metafile Vector Image .NAV MSN Application Extension .NB Nota Bene Text File .NCB MS Developer Studio File .NCD Norton Change Directory .NCF Netware Command File Lotus Notes Internal Clipboard .NDL Lotus Notes .NDO 3D Low-polygon Modeler .NDX Index (usually dBase compatible) .NED MSN Application Extension .NET Network Configuration .NEW New Information (e.g., WHATS.NEW) .NFF Image File Neutral File Format .NFO Folio Infobase .NG Norton Guide Online Documentation .NIL Norton Icon Library File .NLB Oracle 7 Data .NLM Netware Loadable Module .NLS Code Page National Language Support .NLU Norton Live Update E-Mail Trigger File .NOL Nokia Operator Logo .NOT Notes .NOW Text File (e.g., README.NOW) .NPM Nokia Picture Message .NRG Norton Registration Entries .NRT Nokia RingTone .NS2 Lotus Notes 2 Database .NS3 Lotus Notes .NSF Lotus Notes Database .NSG Lotus Notes .NSH Lotus Notes .NST Audio File Noise Tracker Music Module .NTF Lotus Notes Database Template .NTS Norton Tutorial .NTX Clipper Index .NW NoteWorthy 2 File .NWC Noteworthy Composer Song File .NWS MS Outlook Express News File .NXA ndxCards data files (added 2004-08-13) .NXB ndxCards data files .NXD ndxCards card decks .NXP ndxCards project file Top of Page .O Object File (various) .O$$ Output File (temporary usually) .O01 Typhoon Voice File .OAB MS Outlook Address Book .OAZ OAZ Fax File .OBD MS Office Binder .OBJ Relocatable Object Code (various) Lightwave Object .OBZ MS Office Binder Wizard .OCA Control Typelib Cache .OCX Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) Control Extension .OD1 Omnis5 Database File (also .OD2, .OD3, etc.) .ODF Open Document Interchange BattleZone Cartographers Guild File .ODS MS Outlook Express Mailbox .OFC Open Financial Connectivity File .OFF Vector Graphic (Object File Format) 3D Mesh Object File Format .OFM Adobe Font .OFN MS Office FileNew File .OFT MS Outlook Item Template .OFX Open Financial Exchange File .OKT Oktalyzer Tracker Module .OLB Object Library .OLD Old Version (sometimes used as a backup indicator) .OLE Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) Object .OLI Olivetti Text File .OMF Image File .OND Lotus Notes-related File (unverified) .ONX Onyx Graphics Postershop File .OPC Beta 44 Job File .OPL Psion Organiser Programming Language Source File .OPO OPL Output Executable File .OPT QEMM Optimize Options MS Developer Studio File .OPX MS Orgchart Organization Diagram OPL Extension DLL .OQY MS Excel OLAP Query File .OR2 Lotus Organiser 2 File .OR3 Lotus Organiser 97 File .ORA Oracle 7 Configuration .ORC MIDI File Oracle 7 Script .ORG Lotus Organiser File .ORI Original .OSS MS Office Search .OST MS Exchange/Outlook Offline File .OTL Super NoteTab Template File .OUT Outlines or Output File (various) .OUT Primavera Systems, Inc. project management software - Schedule report text files (can be read in Textpad) .OV1 Program File - Overlay .OV2 Program File - Overlay .OV3 Program File - Overlay .OVL Program File - Overlay .OVR Program File - Overlay .OZM Sharp Organizer Memo Bank .OZP Sharp Organizer Telephone Bank Top of Page .P PASCAL Program File Applause Picture .P10 Tektronix Plot 10 Drawing Certificate Request .P3 Primavera Systems, Inc. project management software - Primavera Project data files (of various types) .P65 Pagemaker 6.5 File .P7C Digital ID File .P7M PKCS #7 MIME Message (see Section 3.2 in RFC 2311 [MIME] .P7R Certificate Request Response .P7S PKCS #7 Signature .PAB MS Personal Address Book .PAC SB Studio II Package .PAD Telemate Keypad Definition .PAG Property Page File .PAK Compressed Archive File Quake WAD File .PAL Color Palette Adobe Pagemaker Library Palette Compressed File .PAN Chromeleon Control Panel .PAR Fractint Parameter File .PAS Pascal Source Code .PAT AutoCAD Hatch Pattern Patch Corel Vector Pattern Advanced Gravis Ultrasound Forte Tech. Patch .PBD PowerBuilder Dynamic Library .PBF Turtle Beach Pinnacle Bank File .PBK MS Phonebook .PBL PowerBuilder Library .PBM UNIX Portable Bitmap .PBR PowerBuilder Resource .PBI Profiler Binary Input .PBM PBM Portable Bit Map Graphic [Viewer] .PBO Profiler Binary Output .PBT Profiler Binary Table .PC PC-specific Text File .PC3 Harvard Custom Palette (Harvard Graphics taken over by Serif) .PC5 Rockwell Software Logix 5 File .PC8 ASCII Text IBM-8 .PCA PCAnywhere Registry Backup .PCB Protel Technology Advanced PCB Design .PCC Image File .PCD Photo-CD Image [Viewer] P-Code Compiled Test Scripts .PCE Eudora Mailbox Name Map .PCF Profiler Command File .PCH Patch File MS C PreCompiled Header .PCK Turbo Pascal Pick File .PCL HP-PCL Graphic Data File (HP Printer Control Language) .PCM Sound File OKI MSM6376 Synth Chip PCM Format .PCP Symantec Live Update Pro .PCS PICS Animation .PCT Bitmap Graphic (Apple PICT Format Usually) .PCW PC Write Text File .PCX PC Paintbrush Bitmap Graphic [Viewer] .PDB Palmpilot Database File Pegasus DataBase Tact File QuickPOS Database File .PDD Adobe PhotoDeluxe Image .PDF Printer Description Adobe Acrobat File Netware Printer Definition File MS Package Definition File (Inventory-related) .PDG PrintShop Deluxe File .PDI MS Powerpoint File .PDQ Patton & Patton Flowcharting PDQ Lite File .PDR Port or Printer Driver .PDS PDS Graphic Telsis HiCall Program File .PDT ProCite Primary Database .PDV Paintbrush Printer Driver .PDX Paradox Files ProCite Database Keys Acrobat Catalog Index .PEB WordPerfect Program Editor Bottom Overflow File .PED WordPerfect Program Editor Delete Save .PEM WordPerfect Program Editor Macro .PEQ WordPerfect Program Editor Print Queue File .PER WordPerfect Program Editor Resident Area .PES WordPerfect Program Editor Work Space File .PET WordPerfect Program Editor Top Overflow File .PF Monitor or Printer Profile File Aladdin Systems Private Files Encrypted File .PFA Outline Font (ASCII) .PFB Outline Font (Binary) .PFC PF Component .PFE Programmers File Editor .PFK XTree Programmable Function Keys .PFM Printer Font Metrics .PFP Panorama Factory Project File .PFR PaintShop Pro File .PFT Chiwriter Printer Font .PGL Graphics (Plotter) .PGM Portable Graymap Graphic [Viewer] Chromeleon Batch Program .PGP Program Parameter Pretty Good Privacy .PGX Binary Property Page File .PH PERL Header MS Help Compiler Phrase Table .PHD PC Help Desk File .PHO Phone List .PHP PHP Script MS Picture It! Publishing Project File .PHR NoExcuse Phrase Checker .PIC PC Paint Bitmap Graphic Lotus Picture Macintosh PICT Drawing .PIF Windows Program Information File IBM PIF Drawing .PIG Lucas Arts Dark Forces WAD File .PIM PixMaker Project File .PIN Pushpin Set Epic Pinball Data File .PIT Macintosh Compressed Archive File .PIX PrintMaster Graphic File Inset Systems Bitmap .PJ MKS Source Integrity File .PJL ProCite Term Lists and Journal Title Lists .PJT Foxpro Project Memo .PJX Foxpro Project .PKA Compressed Archive File .PKB QuickPOS (Point-Of-Sale) Keyboard Layout File .PKG MS Developer Studio Application Extension AppleLink Package Compression Format File .PKO PublicKey Security Object .PKR PGP Public Keyring .PL Harvard Palette (Harvard Graphics taken over by Serif) PERL Program File .PL3 Harvard Chart Palette (Harvard Graphics taken over by Serif) .PLB Foxpro Library .PLB LogoShow Screensaver .PLC Lotus Add-in .PLD PLD2 Source File (program due out 1Q2001) .PLG REND386/AVRIL File .PLI Oracle 7 Data Description .PLL Prelinked Library .PLM DisorderTracker2 Module .PLN WordPerfect Spreadsheet File .PLS DisorderTracker2 Sample WinAmp MPEG PlayList File Shoutcast File MYOB Data File .PLT AutoCAD HPGL Vector Graphic Plotter File Gerber Sign-making Software File .PLY Autodesk Polygon .PM PM Graphic or Perl Module .PM3 PageMaker 3 Document .PM4 PageMaker 4 Document .PM5 PageMaker 5 Document .PM6 PageMaker 6 Document .PML NT4 Performance Monitor Log File PADGen Program Information .PN3 Harvard Printer Driver (Harvard Graphics taken over by Serif) .PNG Public (Portable) Network Graphic (proposed GIF replacement) [Viewer] PaintShop Pro Browser .PNM PBM Portable Any Map Graphic .PNT MacPaint File .POG Descent2 File .POL Music File AscToHTM Policy File .POP dBase Popup Menu .POS ProCite Output Styles QuickPOS IIF File (see IIF above) .POT PowerPoint Template .POV Persistence of Vision Ray-tracer .PP Compressed Archive File .PP4 Picture Publisher .PP5 Picture Publisher .PPA PowerPoint Add-in .PPB WordPerfect Print Preview Button Bar .PPD PostScript Printer Description .PPF Turtle Beach Pinnacle Program File .PPL Harvard Polaroid Palette Plus ColorKey Driver (Harvard Graphics taken over by Serif) .PPM PBM Portable Pixelmap Graphic [Viewer] .PPO Clipper Preprocessor Output .PPP Serif PagePlus Publication Parson Power Publisher .PPS PowerPoint Slideshow .PPT PowerPoint Presentation .PPX Serif PagePlus Publication .PQ Adobe Pagemaker Default Printer Style .PQI Power Quest Drive Imaging Software .PR2 Persuasion Presentation .PR2 dBase IV Printer Driver .PR3 dBase IV PostScript Printer Driver .PRC Palmpilot Resource File .PRD Printer Driver .PRE Freelance Presentation .PRF Preferences File (various) dBase IV Printer Driver Profiler Output PICS Rules File .PRG Program File (various) OzWin Purged Messages File WAVmaker Program .PRJ Project File 3D Studio File HitPlayer Advanced Playlist File .PRM Parameter File .PRN Printer Text File DataCAD Windows Printer File XYWrite Printer Driver PostScript File .PRO Profile PROLOG Program File .PRS Printer Resource File WordPerfect Printer Resource Font File dBase Procedure Harvard File (Harvard Graphics taken over by Serif) .PRT Printer Configuration Printer-formatted File Unigraphics Part File (CAD modeling data) .PRV PsiMail Internet Provider Template Previous Version (used for files that change) .PRX Foxpro Compiler Program .PRX Primavera Systems, Inc. project management software - Archive file of all packaged project datafiles compressed for transfer to another user or for archival purposes. .PRZ Freelance Graphics 97 File .PS PostScript .PSB Pinnacle Sound Bank .PSD Photoshop Format [Viewer] Apple Viewer File .PSF Chiwriter PostScript Printer Font .PSI PSION A-law Audio .PSM Turbo Pascal Symbol Table Protracker Studio Module Format Epic Games Sound Data .PSP PaintShop Pro Image [Viewer] .PST Outlook Personal Folder File .PSY PLD2 System File (program due out 1Q2001) .PT3 Harvard Device Driver (Harvard Graphics taken over by Serif) .PT3 PageMaker Template .PT4 PageMaker Template .PT5 PageMaker Template .PTM PolyTracker Music Module .PUB PGP Public Key Ring Ventura Publication MS Publisher Document .PUF Puffer Encrypted File .PW Professional Write Text File .PWA Password Agent File .PWD Pocket Word Document .PWF ProCite Workforms .PWL Password List .PWP Photoworks Image File .PWZ PowerPoint Wizard .PX Primary Index .PX Paradox Primer Database Index .PXL Pocket Excel Spreadsheet .PY PYTHON Script Yahoo Saved Messages .PYC Compiler PYTHON Script .PZD Pizazz Plus File .PZO Pizazz Plus File Top of Page .Q9Q BladePro Graphic Plugin File .QAD PF QuickArt Document .QAG Norton Desktop Quick Access Group .QBB QuickBooks for Windows Backup File .QBD Keyboard Layout .QBE Example Query (Query By Example) .QBO dBase IV Ordered Query .QBW QuickBooks for Windows File .QCP Qualcomm PureVoice File .QDI Dictionary .QDK Quarterdeck QEMM File .QDT Quicken Data .QEF Excel Query .QEP IRMA Wordstation for Windows .QFL Family Lawyer Document .QFX Quick Link Fax .QIC Backup Set .QIF Quicken Interchange Format QuickTime Image .QLB MS C Quick Library .QLC PostScript Help File .QM Quality Motion File .QMT Quicken Memorized List .QNT Chromeleon Quantification Method .QNX Quicken Indexes .QPR OS/2 Printer Queue Driver Foxpro Relational Query .QPX Foxpro Ordered Query .QRP Centura Report Builder File .QRS WordPerfect Equation Editor .QRT QRT Ray Tracing Graphic .QRY dBase IV Query MS Query .QSC Pxyl Visuals Chart .QST Quake Spy Tab File .QT Quicktime Video .QTI QuickTime Image .QTM QuickTime Movie .QTP QuickTime Preferences .QTS Macintosh PICT Image QuickTime Image .QTX QuickTime Image .QUE Task Scheduler Queue Object CuteFTP Queue File .QW Q&A Write File .QWB Quotes WriteBack Import File (MS Money) .QXD QuarkExpress File Top of Page .R Pegasus Mail Resource File .R?? RAR Compressed File (?? can be 01 to 99) .R8 RAW Graphic File .R8L LaserJet Landscape Font .R8P LaserJet Portrait Font .RA RealMedia File [Viewer] .RAM RealMedia Metafile .RAR RAR Compressed Archive .RAS Sun Raster Graphic [Viewer] .RAT Rating System File .RAW RAW RGB 24-bit Graphic Raw Signed PCM Data .RAX Image File .RB RocketEdition File .RBF R:Base Data File .RBH RoboHelp Configuration .RC Borland C++ Resource Compiler Script File .RD3 Ray Dream Designer Graphics CorelDream 3D .RD4 Ray Dream Designer Graphics .RD5 Ray Dream Designer Graphics .RDB TrueVector Rules Database .RDF Resource Description Framework File Chromeleon Report Definition .RDL Descent Registered Level .RDX Reflex Data File .REC Sprint Record File Windows Recorder Macro RapidComm Voice File .REF Cross Reference .REG Registration Data .REM Annotation (remark) .REP Text Document .REQ Request .RES Resource File (various programs) .REX REXX Program File .REZ Resources .RF Sun Raster Graphic RealFlash Clip .RFD RecogniFORM Form Definition .RFG RFG Research System Database .RFH RFG Household Database .RFT Revisable Format Text .RGB Picture File .RI Lotus File .RIA Alpharel Group IV Raster Graphics File .RIC Ricoh Graphic File .RIF Fractal Painter Bitmap .RIP Remote Imaging Protocol .RIX Colorix File RIX Virtual Screen .RL2 Descent2 Registered Level .RLA Advanced Visualizer File Wavefront Raster Image .RLB Harvard Graphic File (Harvard Graphics taken over by Serif) .RLC Image Systems CAD Overlay .RLE Graphic (Run Length Encoded) [Viewer] .RM RealMedia File .RMD RegMaid Document .RMF Rich Map Format (3D Games) .RMI MIDI File [Viewer] .RMK RMake Make File .RMM RealPlayer File .RND AutoCAD Rendering Slide AutoShade Format .RNL GTX Runlength Raster Graphics .RNX RealPlayer File .ROL Adlib Music .ROV Rescue Rover Data .RP RealPix Clip .RPD Rapidfile Database .RPM RedHat Package Manager (Linux) RealMedia Player File .RPT Report (various) .RQY MS Excel OLE DB Query File .RR Railroad Tycoon .RRS Road Rash Save File .RSB Rogue Spear Bitmap .RSL PC Tools Resources Library Borderland's Paradox 7 Report Adobe Pagemaker File .RSP Responce Text File Rockwell Software Logix 5 File .RT RealText Clip .RTA RoboHelp Configuration .RTF Rich Text Format .RTK RoboHelp Configuration .RTL Text File .RTM Real Tracker Music Module .RTP TurboTax Update File .RTS RoboHelp Configuration RealAudio RTSL Document .RUL InstallShield .RUN PC Tools Script Tools Program .RV RealVideo Clip .RVP Microsoft Scan Configuration File .RX Reflex Database Driver .RXD Reflex Database .RXH Reflex Database Help File .RXR Reflex Database Report .RXS Reflex Database Screen Driver Top of Page .S Assembler Source Code .S$$ Temporary Sort File .S01 WordPerfect Distribution File .S02 WordPerfect Distribution File .S03 WordPerfect Distribution File .S3I ScreamTracker v3 Instrument .S3M ScreamTracker v3 Module ScreamTracker v3 Sound File .SAH SETI@Home Data File .SAM AMI Pro Text File Signed 8-bit Sample Data .SAN The Curse of Monkey Island Movie File .SAV Backup Saved File .SB Audio File Raw Signed Byte (8-bit) Data .SBK Emu SoundFont v1.x Bank Files Creative Labs SB AWE 32 .SBL Shockwave Flash Object .SBP Superbase DML Program .SC Framework Screen Driver Paradox Source Code Ingres Embedded SQL/C Source File .SC2 Sample Cell II PC Instrument Schedule+ File SAS Catalog .SC3 Harvard Screen Driver (Harvard Graphics taken over by Serif) .SCC Text File Stamp Collector's Girl Friday Catalog File Source Safe File .SCD Graphic (SCODL Scan Conversion Object Description Language) Schedule+ File TurboTax Schedule File .SCE SoftCuisine Data Exchange File .SCF Windows Explorer Command .SCH Schedule+ File EAGLE Schematic File .SCI ScanVec Inspire File .SCL SCALA Scale .SCM SchematicMaker (Topanga Software) File ScreenCam Movie .SCN Compressed Screen format TrueSpace2 Scene .SCO High Score (various) .SCP Script (various) .SCR Faxview Fax Screen Saver Script .SCT Foxpro Screen PC Tools Script Tools Scitex Continuous Tone Bitmap SAS Catalog Windows Script Component Lotus Screen Capture Text .SCV ScanVec CASmate File .SCX Foxpro Screen Image File .SD Sound Designer I Audio .SD2 Sound Designer II Flattened File Sound Designer II Data Fork SAS Database .SDA StarOffice Drawing SoftCuisine Data Archive .SDC StarOffice Spreadsheet .SDD StarOffice Presentation .SDF Standard Data Format Schedule Data File System File Format Autodesk MapGuide Spatial Data Files .SDK Roland S-series Floppy Disk Image Autosketch Drawing .SDL SmartDraw Library .SDN Shell Archive .SDR SmartDraw Drawing .SDS StarOffice Chart Raw Midi Sample Dump Standard File .SDT SmartDraw Template .SDV Semicolon Divided Values File .SDW StarOffice Text Raw Signed DWord (32-bit) Data Lotus WordPro Graphic .SDX Midi Sample Dump Standard Files Compacted by SDX .SEA Macintosh Compressed Archive File .SEC Compressed Archive File PGP Secret Key Ring .SEG Compressed File Segment .SEL PaintShop Pro Selection File .SEP TIFF Bitmap Separation .SEQ Animation File Chromeleon Sequence List .SES Digital Audio Editor File .SET Driver Set Image Settings Backup File Set Configuration (various) .SEX Urban Chaos Game File .SF Sound File OS/2 WPS Attribute Storage IRCAM SoundFile .SF2 Emu SoundFont v2.0 File Creative Labs Soundfont 2.0 Bank File .SFD SoundStage Sound File Data .SFI Ventura Printer Font SoundStage Sound File Info .SFL Ventura Printer Font LaserJet Landscape Font .SFP Ventura Printer Font LaserJet Portrait Font .SFR Sonic Foundry Sample Resource .SFS StarOffice Frame PCL 5 Scalable Font .SFT Chiwriter Screen Font .SFW Graphic File (Seattle Film Works) [Viewer] .SFX Self-extracting Archive .SGF Smart Game Format .SGI Graphic File [Viewer] .SGL StarOffice Master Document .SH Archive File .SH3 Harvard Presentation (Harvard Graphics taken over by Serif) .SHB Corel Background File Document Shortcut File .SHG Hotspot Editor Hypergraphic .SHK Macintosh Compressed Archive File .SHM WordPerfect Shell Macro .SHP 3D Studio Shapes File 3D Modeling File (various) .SHR Archive File .SHS Shell Scrap Object File .SHW Corel Presentation WordPerfect Slide Show Show File .SI SoftImage Image File .SIG Signature File .SIK Backup File .SIM Simulation .SIT Macintosh Compressed Archive File .SIZ Oracle 7 Configuration .SKA PGP Secret Keyring .SKB QuickPOS (Point-Of-Sale) Standard Keyboard Layout File .SKL Authorware Resource .SKN FileWrangler/SecurDesk!/ImageForge Graphic Skin eRocket eBook Skin .SL S-Lang Program File PACT's Save Layout .SLB AutoCAD Slide Library .SLC Telix Compiler SALT Script .SLD AutoCAD Slide .SLG Chromeleon Audit Trail .SLK Data Exchange File (Symbolic Link) .SLT Telix SALT Script Application .SM Smalltalk Program File .SM Samna Word Text File .SM3 DataCAD Symbol File .SMD StarOffice Mail .SMF StarOffice Formula .SMI RealPlay SMIL File .SMK Smacker Compressed File .SMM Ami Pro Macro .SMP Sample or Samplevision Format Ad Lib Gold Sample .SND Sound Clip [Viewer] Raw Unsigned PCM Data AKAI MPC-series Sample NeXT Sound Macintosh Sound Resource .SNG MIDI Song .SNM Netscape Mail .SNO SNOBOL Program File .SNP Shapshot file (Snapview) .SOU SB Studio II Sound .SP Compressed Archive File .SPC Multiplan Program WordPerfect Temp File SNES Audio file .SPD Harvard Bitstream Typefaces (Harvard Graphics taken over by Serif) PostScript Printer Mini-driver Speech Data File Speedo Scalable Font .SPG Sprint Glossary .SPL Compressed Archive File Printer Spool File Sprint Printer Driver Sample File Spell Checker Digitrakker Sample Shockwave Flash Object .SPM WordPerfect File .SPN WordPerfect Distribution File .SPP Sprint Printer File .SPR Sprint Document Letter Foxpro Generated Screen Program .SPS Sprint Screen Driver .SPT SPITBOL Program File .SPX Foxpro Compiler Screen Program Screen Peace Extension .SQB SyQuest Backup .SQC Structured Query Language Common Code File [SQL] .SQL Structured Query Language Data [SQL] .SQR Structured Query Language Program File [SQL] .SQZ Compressed Archive File .SRC Sourcecode (various) .SRF Sun Raster Graphic File .SSD SAS Database .SSF Enable Spreadsheet File .SSI Installer/GD Software Setup Information .SSM RealPlay Standard Streming Metafile .SST Certificate Store .ST SMALLTALK Program File Atari ST Disk Image .STA Eudora File .STD State Transition Diagram Graphic SureThing CD Labeler Document .STF Compressed Archive File Setup Information Structured File .STG PageKeeper Storage File .STK Personal Stock Monitor File .STL Certificate Trust List CAD Software Solid Modeling/Prototyping File .STM Sound File State Transition Diagram Model Scream Tracker v2 Module SHTML File .STP PageKeeper Packed Storage File .STR dBase Structure List DataPerfect Structure File Sceensaver Stream File (Playstation Discs) .STS MS C Project Status Info .STY Style Sheet MS Interactive Music Control LaTeX2e Style .SUD Super Project Analyzer Data .SUN Sun Raster Graphic File .SUP WordPerfect Supplemental Dictionary Super Porject Analyzer Project .SVD Word Backup File .SVG Word Backup File Scalable Vector Graphics File .SVS Word Backup File .SVX Interchange File Format, 8SVX/16SV Amiga 8SVX Sound .SW Audio File Raw Signed Word (16-bit) Data .SWA Shockwave Audio File .SWD Storybook File (educational) .SWF Macromedia Flash Format [Alternate] [Viewer] .SWI Swish Data File .SWL Macromedia Flash Format [Alternate] .SWP Sprint Backup File Swap File .SWT VB Setup Wizard Template File Space Watch Pro Data File .SY3 Harvard Symbol File (Harvard Graphics taken over by Serif) .SYD Sysedit Backup File .SYL SYLK Spreadsheet Format .SYM Symbol Table (various) .SYN Synonym File .SYS System Configuration System Device Driver .SYW Harvard Symbol Graphic (Harvard Graphics taken over by Serif) Yamaha SY-series Wave Files Top of Page .T?? Ingres Table/Index File (?? = Hex 00 to FF) .T2T Sonata CAD Modelling File .TAB Guitar Tablature File .TAG Dataflex Query Tag Name .TAH Turbo Assembler Help File .TAL Adobe TypeAlign Text Illustration File .TAR Compressed Archive File .TAX Turbotax File .TAZ TAR.Z Compressed File .TB1 Turbo C Font .TB2 Turbo C Font .TBK Memo Backup (database programs) Asymetrix Toolbook .TBL Adobe Pagemaker Import Mapping Table .TC Borland Configurations File .TCH Borland Help File .TCL TCL/TK Language Script .TD Turbo Debugger Configurations File .TDB Thumbs Plus Database .TDF Trace Definition File Typeface Definition File (for fonts) .TDH Turbo Debugger Help File .TDK Turbo Debugger Keyboard Record .TDO Compressed File .TDP Serif DrawPlus Thumbnail .TDS Turbo Debugger Symbol Table .TEM Icon Author Template Turbo Editor Macro Language .TEX TeX LaTeX File Texture File .TF Turbo Profiler Configuration File .TFA Turbo Profiler Area File .TFH Turbo Profiler Help File .TFM Tagged Font Metric .TFS Turbo 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