What is Challenges involved in establishing remote connection?

Answer 1

The challenges involved in remote connection are as mentioned below.

• Heterogeneity

• Openness

• Security

• Scalability

• Failure handling

• Concurrency

• Transparency

Heterogeneity

• Different networks, hardware, operating systems, programming languages, developers.

• We set up protocols to solve these heterogeneities.

• Middleware: a software layer that provides a programming abstraction as well as masking the heterogeneity.

• Mobile code: code that can be sent from one computer to another and run at the destination.

Openness

• The openness of DS is determined primarily by the degree to which new resource-sharing services can be added and be made available for use by a variety of client programs.

• Open systems are characterized by the fact that their key interfaces are published.

• Open DS are based on the provision of a uniform communication mechanism and published interfaces for access to shared resources.

• Open DS can be constrcted from heterogeneous hardware and software.

Security

• Security for information resources has three components:

- Confidentiality: protection against disclosure to unauthorized individuals.

- Integrity: protection against alteration or corruption.

- Availability: protection against interference with the means to access the resources.

• Two new security challenges:

- Denial of service attacks (DoS).

- Security of mobile code.

Scalability

• A system is described as scalable if it remains effective when there is a significant increase in the number of resources and the number of users.

• Challenges:

- Controlling the cost of resources or money.

- Controlling the performance loss.

- Preventing software resources from running out

- Avoiding preformance bottlenecks.

Failure handling

• When faults occur in hardware or software, programs may produce incorrect results or they may stop before they have completed the intended computation.

• Techniques for dealing with failures:

- Detecting failures

- Masking failures

- Tolerating failures

- Recovering form failures

- Redundancy

Concurrency

• There is a possibility that several clients will attempt to access a shared resource at the same time.

• Any object that represents a shared resource in a distributed system must be responsible for ensuring that operates correctly in a concurrent environment.

Transparency

• Transparency is defined as the concealment from the user and the application programmer of the separation of components in a distributed system, so that the system is perceived as a whole rather than as a collection of independent components.

• Eight forms of transparency:

- Access transparency

- Location transparency

- Concurrency transparency

- Replication transparency

- Failure transparency

- Mobility transparency

- Performance transparency

- Scaling transparency