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The principle (not 'principal') of operation of a d.c. motor is that whenever a current-carrying conductor is placed within a magnetic field, a force acts on that conductor which is perpendicular to that field -in other words, the force acts to push the conductor out of the field. If a pivoted loop of wire is placed within the same magnetic field, the forces on opposite sides of that loop act in opposite directions to each other, and a torque is applied to that loop. If the relative directions of current and field are maintained, then the loop will continue to rotate -this is done through the use of a split-ring commutator, a type of rotary switch, which also acts to supply the rotating loop from a fixed external circuit.

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