What is Islamic laws called?

Answer 1

It's called shariah. It is based on legal passages in the Quran as well as anecdotes about the Prophet Muhammad (these anecdotes are called hadith). Because Muhammad was not only a religious but also a political leader, he created laws which not only governed religious life but also secular matters such as wills, divorce settlements, contract law and so on. The people in seventh-century Arabia for whom these laws were first made found them to be very advanced and a great improvement on the legal provisions they had before.