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Partitioning (horizontal partitioning) is breaking a table up into smaller pieces and distributing those pieces across devices so that the dbms can resolve queries by accessing each partition in parallel.

The physical schema designer (or DBA) decides the criteria, based on a column in the table, for partitioning the table and defines the physical location of each partition. The database does the rest. A date, such as a transaction date, is a very common value used in partitioning.

From a query standpoint, it is just a table and the existence of partitions is transparent to the end-user.

Another form of paritioning is vertical partitioning. In vertical partitioning, the columns of a table are divided into two or more other tables with a 1:1 corresponence between rows in each table. These appear as separate tables in the schema.

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