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Type your answer here... Any molecule is placed in a magnetic field,the electrons rotate around the nucleus and forms the induced field (or) secondary field that induced field is apposed to the applaid magnetic field ,so the protons are protected i.e called shielding effect

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Why the first ionisation energy of O is less than that of N?

The first ionization energy of oxygen is less than that of nitrogen because oxygen has a higher electron shielding effect due to its additional electron shell, making it easier to remove an electron from oxygen compared to nitrogen. This electron shielding effect reduces the effective nuclear charge felt by the outermost electrons in oxygen, thus requiring less energy to remove an electron.


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N-butane shows splitting of signals in its NMR spectrum due to spin-spin coupling between neighboring hydrogen atoms. In N-butane, each hydrogen atom can be influenced by the magnetic environment created by adjacent hydrogen atoms, leading to the splitting of signals according to the n+1 rule, where n is the number of neighboring protons. This results in distinct multiplicities for different sets of protons, reflecting their unique coupling interactions within the molecule.


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What is the cause of lanthanide contraction?

The effect results from poor shielding of nuclear charge (nuclear attractive force on electrons) by 4f electrons; the 6s electrons are drawn towards the nucleus, thus resulting in a smaller atomic radius.In single-electron atoms, the average separation of an electron from the nucleus is determined by the subshell it belongs to, and decreases with increasing charge on the nucleus; this in turn leads to a decrease in atomic radius. In multi-electron atoms, the decrease in radius brought about by an increase in nuclear charge is partially offset by increasing electrostatic repulsion among electrons. In particular, a "shielding effect" operates: i.e., as electrons are added in outer shells, electrons already present shield the outer electrons from nuclear charge, making them experience a lower effective charge on the nucleus. The shielding effect exerted by the inner electrons decreases in the order s > p > d > f. Usually, as a particular subshell is filled in a period, atomic radius decreases. This effect is particularly pronounced in the case of lanthanides, as the 4f subshell which is filled across these elements is not very effective at shielding the outer shell (n=5 and n=6) electrons. Thus the shielding effect is less able to counter the decrease in radius caused by increasing nuclear charge. This leads to "lanthanide contraction". The ionic radius drops from 102 pm for cerium(III) to 86.1 pm for lutetium(III).


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