The mysterious word in the question is a corruption of the Hebrew "shalosh sudos",
which means "three meals".
Since the sabbath is supposed to include three meals, the Saturday afternoon activities
in many synagogues include a meal between the afternoon and evening services. The
meal is called either "shalosh sudos" ... three meals ... or "sudah shlishis" ... "third meal".
Shalosh Sudos as such is not a 'service'. It's just a meal.
A 'meal' consists of washing the hands with the blessing, eating bread with the
blessing, hearing words of Torah, and saying grace. A sabbath meal typically
adds a few songs around the table that deal with the spiritual aspects of the
Sabbath. Anything in addition to these is an embellishment of the basic meal.
The cantor.
The Yom Kippur morning services.
The equivalent word is "synagogue service."
The Rabbi leads the order of the service and the Cantor leads the prayers.
A synagogue is the place where a Jew preys to God. A synagogue is a temple, just like a mosque or a church. A synagogue is led by a rabbi (Jewish priest) and the service often involves preyers in Hebrew.
Yes you do. However, usually a mourner does not go to the synagogue during the shiva, but has a separate service in his home. On Tisha B'Av, since all of Jewry is in mourning, the mourner attends the synagogue service together with everyone else.
Most ceremonies, such weddings and bnei mitzvah require an invitation, but you can go to any synagogue service without an invitation. Contact your nearest synagogue for times. Anyone is welcome, even if you are not Jewish.
Usually a synagogue will have a billboard or signage indicating it is a synagogue.
A Cantor Sings in the worship services in a Synagogue. It's a Jewish person who worships and leads the singing in a synagogue. I am actually reading a book about it right now. Very interesting ;)
Unless there is some specific agreement between the synagogue and the relevant Christian congregation (such as a synagogue allowing Christians to pray in the synagogue on Sundays while the Christians' church is in repair), church services do not take place in synagogues. If by "church services", you actually meant "religious services," Jewish services in synagogues are held three times per day; in the morning, afternoon and evening.
According to their website, it appears to be a progressive synagogue.
Meet me at the synagogue!