One famous example is Roy Orbison's "Pretty Woman," which was involved in an infringement case that went to the Supreme Court.
A copyright notification usually consists of the copyright symbol, the year, and the rightsholder. For example, see the notification at the bottom of this page.
Yes.
To cite a copyright in academic writing, include the copyright symbol (), the year of publication, and the name of the copyright holder. For example: 2021 John Doe.
A simple fact is not sufficiently original to qualify for copyright protection. However, the expression of that fact, for example in a newspaper, is protected by copyright.
You cannot copyright an idea, only the expression of it. Printed instructions, for example, could be protected.
It varies from country to country. In the US, for example, it is US Code Title 17, the Copyright Act.
Typically, the source of the data controls the copyright. For example, when a journal search turns up an article from the Lancet, the Lancet still holds the copyright on the article.Some data generated and/or collected by the federal government may not be subject to copyright. For example, geospacial data collected by NASA is not protected by copyright; however, a private company can arrange the data in a way that may be copyrightable.
Although it is not required for protection, it usually appears with the copyright year and the rightsholder; for example, see the bottom of this page, where it's indicated Copyright © 2011 Answers Corporation.
The exact law varies from country to country. In the US, for example, it is US Code Title 17, the Copyright Act.
The copyright page which includes the copyright notice, will have the bibliographic facts. The copyright date is just one of many bibliographic facts._________The best place to start is with the title page. This may, for example, tell that the book in your hand is, for example, a copy of the Second, revised and expanded edition.
Saying something has a "copyright issue" is usually a nice, slightly oblique way of saying "copyright infringement." For example, if a YouTube video is taken down because of copyright issues, it means the rightsholder of some portion of it has asserted that the use is infringing.
In the case of a work-made-for-hire, the copyright would be controlled by the entity that caused the work to be created, rather than the creator. A photographer under contract to a magazine, for example, would not have copyright for those photos.