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A framebuffer is a buffer which holds information for pixel color values to be displayed on a monitor.
It should be noted that while it is not proper usage of the term, "framebuffer" can refer to a graphic's cards memory (RAM), often in abbreviated form (FB).
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How frame buffer can be used to control the color and intensity of the picture display?
The data from the framebuffer determines which of the colors in the palette are used for the current pixel it is rendering. This output data provides primary-color data from the lookup table.
Why doesn't Linux call the BIOS after POST?
Many parts of the Linux kernel do call the BIOS after POST, including the framebuffer and the APM/ACPI drivers. Most modern operating systems do not rely solely on the BIOS to support devices because interacting with them directly is usually faster, and bugs in the bIOS can be worked around.
Can you open a website in the command line in Linux?
Yes, but you will not get all the features and formatting that you would expect in a graphical browser.Here's a few to get you started if you still wish to use a command-line browser:LynxLinksW3m (image display available with framebuffer-enabled terminal sessions)
What do you see when you first turn on a Linux system?
That depends on the hardware, the distribution, and what you are referring to by "first turn on." Most computers do not display anything at all for a brief period of time while the display is initialized. Depending on the system and how long it takes to initialize the hardware, you may also see a BIOS POST screen or a splash screen. Then, depending on how the bootloader is configured, the system may either load directly into Linux, or present a menu for a choice of operating systems. There are several bootloaders that can boot Linux, with a variety of appearances. Finally, when Linux itself begins loading, the appearance can vary tremendously, from a splash screen to a framebuffer console to a simple system console to no display at all.
What is difference between A buffer algorithm Z buffer algorithm?
A z-buffer is a raster buffer that stores color and depth information at each pixel. The "z" in the title refers to the "z" plane in 3D space, which is traditionally thought of as the "depth" dimension.The buffer initializes each pixel to the default color and an infinite depth. During the rendering process, when a color is written to a pixel, it first compares the current depth of the color in the pixel. If the new color is closer than the current color but closer than the clip plane (which is typically zero), the color is written and the depth updated.In that sense, it's similar to the painter's algorithm, where the closer object covers the further object.Here's the basic algorithm:WritePixel(int x, int y, float z, color c)if ( z < zbuffer[x][y] && z > 0 ) thenzbuffer[x][y] = z;frameBuffer[x][y] = color;endThe a-buffer uses the same algorithm for handling depth, but adds anti-aliasing. Each pixel contains a set of sub-pixels. During the write operation, the values are accumulated at the sub-pixel level. For the final pixel read, the final color is the sum of all the sub-pixels.The algorithm was originally developed by Loren Carpenter (or Pixar) for the RenderMan renderer. The position of the sub-pixels in each pixel are randomly selected in space and time, which allows smooth blurring of moving objects. RenderMan dices geometry down to micropolygons (polygons approximately the size of a pixel), and then performs a coverage test to determine if a sub-pixel is covered by a micro-polygon.However, this approach doesn't work with a more "typical" renderer, since they typically deal with points, which unlike micropolygons, have no surface area.A common adaption of this algorithm is the accumulationtechnique, which renders an image multiple times, randomly jittering (moving) the position of the eyepoint by some small amount. The result of each rendering is accumulated and averaged into single buffer. This approach is made practical with a hardware accelerated renderer such as OpenGL. However, this approach is probably better thought of as supersampling rather than an a-buffer.
What is line plotting and point plotting system in display devices?
Point plotting is accomplished by converting a single coordinate position furnished by an application program into appropriate operations for [he output device in use. With a CRT monitor, for example, the electron beam is turned on to illuminate the screen phosphor at the selected location. How the electron beam is positioned depends on the display technology. A random-scan (vector) system stores point-plotting instructions in the display list, and coordinate values in these instructions are converted to deflection voltages that position the electron beam at the screen locations to be plotted during each refresh cycle. For a blackand- white raster system, on the other hand, a point is plotted by setting the bit value corresponding to A specified screen position within the frame buffer to 1. Then, as the electron beam sweeps across each horizontal scan line, it emits a burst of electrons (plots a point) whenever a value of I is encounted in the sMian3-1 frame buffer. With an RGB system, the frame buffer is loaded with the color Pointsand hnes codes for the intensities that are to be displayed at the s m n pixel positions. Line drawing is accomplished by calculating intermediate positions along the line path between two specified endpoint positions. An output device is then directed to fill in these positions between the endpoints. For analog devices, such as a vector pen plotter or a random-scan display, a straight line can be drawn smoothly from one endpoint to the other. Linearly varying horizontal and vertical deflection voltages are generated that are proportional to the required changes in the x and y directions to produce the smooth line. Digital devices display a straight line segment by plotting discrete points between the two endpoints. Discrete coordinate positions along the line path are calculated from the equation of the line. For a raster video display, the line color (intensity) is then loaded into the frame buffer at the corresponding pixel coordinates. Reading from the frame buffer, the video controller then "plots" the screen pixels. Screen locations are xeferenced with integer values, so plotted positions may only approximate actual Line positions between two specified endpoints. A computed line position of (10.48,20.51), for example, would be converted to pixel position (10,211. Tlus rounding of coordinate values to integers causes lines to be displayed with a stairstep appearance ("the jaggies"), as represented in Fig 3-1. The characteristic stairstep shape of raster lines is particularly noticeable on systems with low resolution, and we can improve their appearance somewhat by displaying them on high-resolution systems. More effective techniques for smoothing raster lines are based on adjusting pixel intensities along the line paths. For the raster-graphics device-level algorithms discussed in this chapter, obp- t positions are specified directly in integer device coordinates. For the time being, we will assume that pixel positions are referenced according to scan-line number and column number (pixel position across a scan line). This addressing scheme is illustrated in Fig. 3-2. Scan lines are numbered consecutively from 0, starting at the bottom of the screen; and pixel columns are numbered from 0, left to right across each scan line. In Section 3-10, we consider alternative pixel addressing schemes. To load a specified color into the frame buffer at a position corresponding to column x along scan line y, we will assume we have available a low-level procedure of the form Figure 3-1 Staintep effect (jaggies) produced when a line is generated as a series of pixel positions. Line Number - Plxd Column Number Figure 3-2 Pie1 positions referenced by scanline number and column number. We sometimes will also want to be able to retrieve the current framebuffer intensity setting for a specified location. We accomplish this with the low-level fundion getpixel (x, y )
Can anyone help me with this crash (Content Too Long Content Not Available)?
Here is the crash: ---- Minecraft Crash Report ---- // Don't be sad, have a hug! <3 Time: 10/25/15 4:32 PM Description: Initializing game java.lang.RuntimeException: ======================================== Smart Moving could not find the required API "Client Player"! ---------------------------------------- Download Player API core from: http://www.minecraftforum.net/topic/738498-/ and install it on your system to fix this specific problem. ======================================== at net.smart.utilities.Assert.clientPlayerAPI(Assert.java:20) at net.smart.moving.SmartMovingMod.<init>(SmartMovingMod.java:29) at sun.reflect.NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance0(Native Method) at sun.reflect.NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance(NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.java:62) at sun.reflect.DelegatingConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance(DelegatingConstructorAccessorImpl.java:45) at java.lang.reflect.Constructor.newInstance(Constructor.java:408) at java.lang.Class.newInstance(Class.java:438) at cpw.mods.fml.common.ILanguageAdapter$JavaAdapter.getNewInstance(ILanguageAdapter.java:173) at cpw.mods.fml.common.FMLModContainer.constructMod(FMLModContainer.java:506) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:62) at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43) at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:483) at com.google.common.eventbus.EventSubscriber.handleEvent(EventSubscriber.java:74) at com.google.common.eventbus.SynchronizedEventSubscriber.handleEvent(SynchronizedEventSubscriber.java:47) at com.google.common.eventbus.EventBus.dispatch(EventBus.java:322) at com.google.common.eventbus.EventBus.dispatchQueuedEvents(EventBus.java:304) at com.google.common.eventbus.EventBus.post(EventBus.java:275) at cpw.mods.fml.common.LoadController.sendEventToModContainer(LoadController.java:212) at cpw.mods.fml.common.LoadController.propogateStateMessage(LoadController.java:190) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:62) at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43) at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:483) at com.google.common.eventbus.EventSubscriber.handleEvent(EventSubscriber.java:74) at com.google.common.eventbus.SynchronizedEventSubscriber.handleEvent(SynchronizedEventSubscriber.java:47) at com.google.common.eventbus.EventBus.dispatch(EventBus.java:322) at com.google.common.eventbus.EventBus.dispatchQueuedEvents(EventBus.java:304) at com.google.common.eventbus.EventBus.post(EventBus.java:275) at cpw.mods.fml.common.LoadController.distributeStateMessage(LoadController.java:119) at cpw.mods.fml.common.Loader.loadMods(Loader.java:513) at cpw.mods.fml.client.FMLClientHandler.beginMinecraftLoading(FMLClientHandler.java:208) at net.minecraft.client.Minecraft.func_71384_a(Minecraft.java:480) at net.minecraft.client.Minecraft.func_99999_d(Minecraft.java:878) at net.minecraft.client.main.Main.main(SourceFile:148) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:62) at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43) at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:483) at net.minecraft.launchwrapper.Launch.launch(Launch.java:135) at net.minecraft.launchwrapper.Launch.main(Launch.java:28) A detailed walkthrough of the error, its code path and all known details is as follows: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Head -- Stacktrace: at net.smart.utilities.Assert.clientPlayerAPI(Assert.java:20) at net.smart.moving.SmartMovingMod.<init>(SmartMovingMod.java:29) at sun.reflect.NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance0(Native Method) at sun.reflect.NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance(NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.java:62) at sun.reflect.DelegatingConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance(DelegatingConstructorAccessorImpl.java:45) at java.lang.reflect.Constructor.newInstance(Constructor.java:408) at java.lang.Class.newInstance(Class.java:438) at cpw.mods.fml.common.ILanguageAdapter$JavaAdapter.getNewInstance(ILanguageAdapter.java:173) at cpw.mods.fml.common.FMLModContainer.constructMod(FMLModContainer.java:506) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:62) at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43) at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:483) at com.google.common.eventbus.EventSubscriber.handleEvent(EventSubscriber.java:74) at com.google.common.eventbus.SynchronizedEventSubscriber.handleEvent(SynchronizedEventSubscriber.java:47) at com.google.common.eventbus.EventBus.dispatch(EventBus.java:322) at com.google.common.eventbus.EventBus.dispatchQueuedEvents(EventBus.java:304) at com.google.common.eventbus.EventBus.post(EventBus.java:275) at cpw.mods.fml.common.LoadController.sendEventToModContainer(LoadController.java:212) at cpw.mods.fml.common.LoadController.propogateStateMessage(LoadController.java:190) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:62) at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43) at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:483) at com.google.common.eventbus.EventSubscriber.handleEvent(EventSubscriber.java:74) at com.google.common.eventbus.SynchronizedEventSubscriber.handleEvent(SynchronizedEventSubscriber.java:47) at com.google.common.eventbus.EventBus.dispatch(EventBus.java:322) at com.google.common.eventbus.EventBus.dispatchQueuedEvents(EventBus.java:304) at com.google.common.eventbus.EventBus.post(EventBus.java:275) at cpw.mods.fml.common.LoadController.distributeStateMessage(LoadController.java:119) at cpw.mods.fml.common.Loader.loadMods(Loader.java:513) at cpw.mods.fml.client.FMLClientHandler.beginMinecraftLoading(FMLClientHandler.java:208) at net.minecraft.client.Minecraft.func_71384_a(Minecraft.java:480) -- Initialization -- Details: Stacktrace: at net.minecraft.client.Minecraft.func_99999_d(Minecraft.java:878) at net.minecraft.client.main.Main.main(SourceFile:148) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:62) at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43) at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:483) at net.minecraft.launchwrapper.Launch.launch(Launch.java:135) at net.minecraft.launchwrapper.Launch.main(Launch.java:28) -- System Details -- Details: Minecraft Version: 1.7.10 Operating System: Windows 8.1 (amd64) version 6.3 Java Version: 1.8.0_25, Oracle Corporation Java VM Version: Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (mixed mode), Oracle Corporation Memory: 145006544 bytes (138 MB) / 318107648 bytes (303 MB) up to 523501568 bytes (499 MB) JVM Flags: 7 total; -XX:HeapDumpPath=MojangTricksIntelDriversForPerformance_javaw.exe_minecraft.exe.heapdump -Xmx1G -XX:+UseConcMarkSweepGC -XX:+CMSIncrementalMode -XX:-UseAdaptiveSizePolicy -Xmn128M -Xmx512M AABB Pool Size: 0 (0 bytes; 0 MB) allocated, 0 (0 bytes; 0 MB) used IntCache: cache: 0, tcache: 0, allocated: 0, tallocated: 0 FML: MCP v9.05 FML v7.10.99.99 Minecraft Forge 10.13.4.1492 14 mods loaded, 14 mods active States: 'U' = Unloaded 'L' = Loaded 'C' = Constructed 'H' = Pre-initialized 'I' = Initialized 'J' = Post-initialized 'A' = Available 'D' = Disabled 'E' = Errored UC mcp{9.05} [Minecraft Coder Pack] (minecraft.jar) UC FML{7.10.99.99} [Forge Mod Loader] (forge-1.7.10-10.13.4.1492-1.7.10.jar) UC Forge{10.13.4.1492} [Minecraft Forge] (forge-1.7.10-10.13.4.1492-1.7.10.jar) UC SmartCore{1.0} [Smart Core] (minecraft.jar) UC lucky{5.1.0} [Lucky Block] ([1-7-10]_Lucky_Block_v5-1-0.jar) UC DamageIndicatorsMod{3.2.3} [Damage Indicators] (Damage Indicators.jar) UC MoCreatures{6.3.1} [DrZhark's Mo'Creatures Mod] (DrZharks MoCreatures Mod v6.3.1.zip) UC herobrinemod{3.7} [The Herobrine Mod] (Herobrine-Mod-1.7.10.jar) UC iChunUtil{4.1.3} [iChunUtil] (iChun-Util-Mod-1.7.10.jar) UC journeymap{@JMVERSION@} [JourneyMap] (journeymap-1.7.10-5.1.0-unlimited.jar) UC Morph{0.9.2} [Morph] (Morphing-Mod-1.7.10.jar) UC OreSpawn{1.7.10.20} [OreSpawn] (orespawn-1.7.10-20.0.jar) UE SmartMoving{15.3} [Smart Moving] (SmartMoving-1.7.10-15.3.jar) UE SmartRender{2.1} [Smart Render] (SmartRender-1.7.10-2.1.jar) GL info: ' Vendor: 'Intel' Version: '4.0.0 - Build 10.18.10.3355' Renderer: 'Intel(R) HD Graphics' Launched Version: 1.7.10-Forge10.13.4.1492-1.7.10 LWJGL: 2.9.1 OpenGL: Intel(R) HD Graphics GL version 4.0.0 - Build 10.18.10.3355, Intel GL Caps: Using GL 1.3 multitexturing. Using framebuffer objects because OpenGL 3.0 is supported and separate blending is supported. Anisotropic filtering is supported and maximum anisotropy is 16. Shaders are available because OpenGL 2.1 is supported. Is Modded: Definitely; Client brand changed to 'fml,forge' Type: Client (map_client.txt) Resource Packs: [] Current Language: English (US) Profiler Position: N/A (disabled) Vec3 Pool Size: 0 (0 bytes; 0 MB) allocated, 0 (0 bytes; 0 MB) used Anisotropic Filtering: Off (1)
Is there a way to connect HDMIi to RCA?
Most laptops are now equipped with a DisplayPort interface (or similar) which, with the correct adapter, may be connected to televisions with an HDMI or DVI interface. Older laptops may have an S-Video connection (analogue audio/video), or simply a DVI port. If your television has an S-Video port, you may use this for standard definition audio/video. Alternatively, using an adapter, the DVI port may be connected via the HDMI interface on a newer television. When using a DVI connection, you must provide an alternative connection for audio, as unlike HDMI, DVI does not carry audio. This can be problematic when using a DVI-to-HDMI adapter, as most consumer televisions provide no way to map separate audio and video sources to the same channels, or for mixing analogue and digital sources. Some televisions also include VGA connections, though they do not tend to provide high-definition output (despite VGA having more than adequate bandwidth) as they expect XGA standard input (1024x768). If a VGA interface is available on your television, there will normally be an audio jack interface for audio too. DVI-I ports on computer equipment provide piggy-backed analogue connectivity (unlike digital-only DVI-D interfaces) via a DVI-to-VGA adapter. To determine which type of interface is provided should be as simple as looking at the port. If the port includes a cross-shaped 'hole' (i.e- if it looks like [+::::::] ), it is usually DVI-I, though some cheaper graphics cards manufacturers have been known to use the DVI-I port on a DVI-D interface, possibly in order to trick consumers into buying an inferior product. If it is more like a hyphen ( [ - ::::::] ), it is definitely DVI-D and can only be connected to a digital interface (such as DVI or HDMI).
