This is a verb phrase. eg
is kept, was seen, is being built -- passive verb phrases with past participles
is waiting, has been eating -- present verb phrases with present participles
was eating, had been going -- past verb phrases with present participles
Kind can be an adjective, feeling is a noun or the present participle of the verb 'to feel'.
The word "gathers" is a the third person singular present indicative form of the verb "gather". It is not any kind of participle or any past tense.
Progressive or continuous verb forms are be + present participle.present continuous -- am/is are + present participle - I am watching you.past continuous -- was/were + present participle - They were watching you
The noun 'amazing' is a gerund, a verbal noun; a word a the quality of someone or something.The word 'amazing' is the present participle, present tense of the verb to 'amaze'. The present participle of the verb also functions as an adjective and a gerund.Example functions:The team's plays were amazing the cheering fans. (verb)The guests were treated to an amazing meal. (adjective)Amazing his audience is all in a days work for him. (gerund phrase, subject of the sentence)
The "progressive" tense of a verb in English uses the present or future of the verb to be with the present participle of the verb in question, so that we could say "is polluting," or "will be polluting." The present participle with the past tenses of to be forms a kind of progressive imperfect: "was polluting, has been polluting, had been polluting."
The word 'barking' is a gerund, the present participle of the verb that functions as a noun. Example:Their dog is driving me crazy with all that barking.The present participle of the verb also functions as an adjective to describe a noun. Example:Don't try to pet a barking dog.
"are" is a verb to be in the present tense, used to indicate the plural form of a subject or for the second person singular.
Infinitive to has an obligation/mandatory kind of sense. Present participle simply describe on-going action. The present participle is the -ing form of a verb. It is used in continuous/progressive tenses. eg present continuous = am/is/are + verb +ing = He is waiting, they are watching past continuous = was/were +verb + ing = She was walking, they were sleeping present perfect continuous = have/has been + verb + ing = I have been waiting, she has been shopping. past perfect continuous = had been + verb + ing = They had been fishing, He had been sleeping
Speeding is not an adverb of any kind. It is a present participle used as an adjective or a noun (gerund).The adverb speedily is an adverb of manner.
"Since she knew what the lecture was about" in the first sentence is replaced by the participle phrase "Knowing what the lecture was about" in the second sentence."Knowing" is the present participle of the verb "to know". Here it works like an adjective describing "she". She was a "knowing" woman. She was a "knowing-what-the-lecture-was-about" kind of woman.
The word 'protecting' is the present participle, present tense of the verb to 'protect'. The present participle of the verb also functions as an adjective and a verbal noun (gerund).Examples:The tarp is protecting my motorcycle. (verb)We use layers of protecting foam to prevent damage in transit. (adjective)The lawyer provided an instrument for protecting my assets. (noun)
The noun 'thinking' is a gerund (a verbal noun), the present participle, present tense of the verb to think. A gerund functions as a noun in a sentence.The present participle of the verb also functions as an adjective.Examples:Thinking is hard word for some people. (noun, subject of the sentence)Are you thinking what I'm thinking? (verb)I like him, he's a thinking man. (adjective, describes the noun 'man')