Once the burr hole is made, the surgeon inserts a microelectrode probe, which is used to more precisely locate the GPi.
In order to precisely locate the GPi target, and to ensure the probe is precisely placed in the target, a "stereotactic frame" is used.
This device is a rigid frame attached to the patient's head, providing an immobile three-dimensional coordinate system, which can be used to precisely track the location of the GPi and the movement of the probe.
Unilateral (one-sided) pallidotomy may be used if symptoms are markedly worse on one side or the other, or if the risks from bilateral (two-sided) pallidotomy are judged to be too great.
General anesthesia is not used for two reasons: first, the brain does not feel any pain ; second, the patient must be awake and responsive in order to respond to the neurosurgical team as they monitor the placement of the probe
Pallidotomy uses an electrical current to destroy a small amount of brain tissue in the globus pallidus, which is over-stimulated by the corpus striatum in PD.
A strong topical anesthetic is used to numb the shaved area before this hole is drilled.
Xenon ions were used as a propellant aboard the space probe Deep Space 1. The ion propulsion system enabled the probe to achieve impressive speeds and fuel efficiency during its mission.
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To measure the pH of the eye, a pH indicator strip or microelectrode can be used. The indicator strip is gently placed on the tear film, while a microelectrode can be inserted into the conjunctival sac. Both methods provide an accurate measurement of the eye's surface pH, which typically ranges from 7.0 to 7.4. It's important to ensure that the methods used are safe and do not irritate the eye.
The Cassini probe was a space probe launched by NASA to study the planet Saturn and its moons. It collected valuable data about Saturn's rings, moons, and atmosphere during its mission, which lasted from 2004 to 2017. The information gathered by Cassini has significantly increased our understanding of the Saturnian system.
A pH probe is a device used to measure the acidity of a solution.
A probe or sensor that is inserted into a blood vessel (an artery or vein) to be used.