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Cathode rays are now known to be a beam of electrons.

When early experimenters were investigating the electrical properties of gases, the found glows filling the tube as the gas pressure was reduced. Eventually, at very low pressure, the glow disappeared and it became evident that something leaving the cathode caused a glow in the glass behind the anode, whose shadow could be seen in that glow, so clearly something was leaving the cathode and striking the glass.

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