A supernova.
A Supernova. See related question
Between 11,000 and 25,000 Kelvin, or about 40,000 times the luminosity of the sun.
No. Main sequence stars vary greatly in both temperature and luminosity. The least massive stars, red dwarfs, can have temperatures as low as 2,300 Kelvin and luminosity as low as 0.015% that of the sun. The most massive stars, which are blue in color can have temperatures as high as 50,000 Kelvin and may be hundreds of thousands times more luminous than the sun.
I read on Wikipedia that O-type stars can be a milllion times brighter than our Sun.
Supergiants are the most massive stars, occupy the top region of Hertzsprung-russell diagram . Supergiants can have 10 to 70 solar masses and luminosity up to hundreds of thousands times the solar luminosity and because of their large masses they have lifespan of few million years and may be less than this value .
Any of various very large bright stars, such as Betelgeuse, having a luminosity that is thousands of times greater than that of our sun.
There are millions of stars that fit that description. On the Main Sequence a star needs a spectrum of type A to be around 9000 degrees, and 1 to 20 times the luminosity of the Sun means an absolute magnitude in the range 1.2 to 4.7. For example Sirius.
The luminosity of stars varies quite a bit. Most stars (about 85-90% of them) emit less light than our Sun, while a few very massive stars emit, in extreme cases, over a million times as much light (or more precisely: total radiation) than our Sun.
A supernova
Betelgeuse has about 140,000 times the luminosity of our sun or about 5.37×1031 watts.
Assuming main sequence stars - the temperature would be about 15,000 Kelvin.
The main star in the Polaris system has a luminosity which is 2500 times that of the Sun.