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An adrenoreceptor is an adrenergic receptor, any of several sites in the surface membranes of cells innervated by adrenergic neurons.
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Why are neurotransmitters affected by ecstasy?
LSD mainly affects the Cerebral Cortex. LSD is a serotonin receptor agonist and much of its hallucinogenic effects are thought to result from binding to the 5-HT2A serotonin receptor in particular. LSD also affects all subtypes of dopamine receptor and all subtypes of adrenoreceptor.
What physically causes the trip on LSD?
As simply stated as possible: Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) bonds to seven-transmembrane domain receptors associated with nerotranmitters. It bonds easily with all dopamine receptors and subtypes, all adrenoreceptor subtypes, and most serotonin receptors. Activating these receptors in neurotransmitters results in euphoria, the physiological manifestations of LSD use, and can (often does) result in aural, visual, and somatic (kinetic) hallucinations.
Can you take Tylenol with atenolol?
You can take Ibuprofen (Advil) at its lowest dosage 200mg/tab three times a day for 7 days or less with any beta-blocker medication. Chronic high dosage intake of Ibuprofen can cause salt or water retention and hypertension.
How can a beta-adrenoreceptor blocker be used to treat high blood pressure?
The beta-adrenoceptor blockers block both beta 1 and beta 2 adrenoceptors. The blockage of beta 1 adrenoceptors results in a decreased heart rate and contractility. The cardiac output will hence be reduced leading to the blood pressure being lowered. In addition, the beta-adrenoceptors also act on the beta 1 adrenoceptors of the kidney. It leads to plasma renin activity being supressed so that less angiotensin II is formed. Angiotensin II is a vasoconstrictor itself and it can also induce the release of the antidiruetic hormone and aldosterone which contributes towards the blood pressure being increased.
What does the drug atenolol do?
Not quite sure. but from reading the MSDS material safety data sheet http://64.233.169.104/search?q=cache:vuPEdjno1UoJ:www.sciencelab.com/xMSDS-Atenolol-9922980+msds+Atenolol&hl=en&ct=clnk&CD=1&gl=us I can tell you this do not INGEST it. --------------------- Atenolol (AKA Tenormin) is a beta-blocker and commonly used as a anti-hypertensive medication. Beta-blockers act against the beta andrenergic site of cardiac and smooth muscle (specifically the lungs). It essentially slows down heart rate and vasodialates the lungs, which helps to lower blood pressure. It's most common form is pills, so yes you will need to ingest it.
What should be taken for asthma?
Perhaps the most important step in controlling asthma is establishing a partnership between doctor and patient (whether child or adult) to create a specific, customized plan for proactively monitoring and managing symptoms. It is essential to be certain that someone who has asthma understands (and takes an active part in deciding) what needs to be accomplished, including reducing exposure to allergens, taking medical tests to assess the severity of symptoms, and possibly using medications. The treatment plan should be written down, consulted at every visit, and adjusted according to changes in symptoms.The most effective treatment for asthma is identifying triggers, such as pets or aspirin, and limiting or eliminating exposure to them. If trigger avoidance is insufficient, medical treatment is available. Desensitization has been suggested as a possible cure. Additionally, some trial subjects were able to remove their symptoms by retraining their breathing habits with the Buteyko method.Other forms of treatment include relief medication, prevention medication, long-acting β2-agonists, and emergency treatment.The specific medical treatment recommended to patients with asthma depends on the severity of their illness and the frequency of their symptoms. Specific treatments for asthma are broadly classified as relievers, preventers and emergency treatment. The Expert Panel Report 2: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma (EPR-2) of the U.S. National Asthma Education and Prevention Program, and the British Guideline on the Management of Asthma are broadly used and supported by many doctors.The Expert Panel Report 3: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma of the U.S. National Asthma Education and Prevention Program, released in 2007, presented a focused 6-step approach to asthma management, based on four principles that act as a blueprint to guide individualized treatment: * Frequent and regular assessment of symptoms * Patient education * Control of environmental triggers * Systematic evaluation of the effectiveness and safety of medications. The 2007 revised NAEPP guidelines differ from the earlier version in an increased focus on asthma control and individualized treatment, reorganizing the goals of treatment to differentiate risk from impairment. They specify defined measures that should prompt a decision to "step up" or "step down" the intensity of treatment, and they emphasize education and integrated decision-making to encourage patient self-management. Bronchodilators are recommended for short-term relief in all patients. For those who experience occasional attacks, no other medication is needed. For those with mild persistent disease (more than two attacks a week), low-dose inhaled glucocorticoids or alternatively, an oral leukotriene modifier, a mast-cell stabilizer, or theophylline may be administered. For those who suffer daily attacks, a higher dose of glucocorticoid in conjunction with a long-acting inhaled β-2 agonist may be prescribed; alternatively, a leukotriene modifier or theophylline may substitute for the β-2 agonist. In severe asthma, oral glucocorticoids may be added to these treatments during severe attacks.Symptomatic control of episodes of wheezing and shortness of breath is generally achieved with fast-acting brochodilators. These are typically provided in pocket-sized, metered-dose inhalers (MDIs). In young sufferers, who may have difficulty with the coordination necessary to use inhalers, or those with a poor ability to hold their breath for 10 seconds after inhaler use (generally the elderly), an asthma spacer is used. The spacer is a plastic cylinder that mixes the medication with air in a simple tube, making it easier for patients to receive a full dose of the drug and allows for the active agent to be dispersed into smaller, more fully inhaled bits.A nebulizer which provides a larger, continuous dose can also be used. Nebulizers work by vaporizing a dose of medication in a saline solution into a steady stream of foggy vapour, which the patient inhales continuously until the full dosage is administered. There is no clear evidence, however, that they are more effective than inhalers used with a spacer. Nebulizers may be helpful to some patients experiencing a severe attack. Such patients may not be able to inhale deeply, so regular inhalers may not deliver medication deeply into the lungs, even on repeated attempts. Since a nebulizer delivers the medication continuously, it is thought that the first few inhalations may relax the airways enough to allow the following inhalations to draw in more medication.Relievers include: * Short-acting, selective beta2-adrenoceptor agonists, such as salbutamol (albuterol USAN), levalbuterol, terbutaline and bitolterol. Tremors, the major side effect, have been greatly reduced by inhaled delivery, which allows the drug to target the lungs specifically; oral and injected medications are delivered throughout the body. There may also be cardiac side effects at higher doses (due to Beta-1 agonist activity), such as elevated heart rate or blood pressure. Patients must be cautioned against using these medicines too frequently, as with such use their efficacy may decline, producing desensitization resulting in an exacerbation of symptoms which may lead to refractory asthma and death. * Older, less selective adrenergic agonists, such as inhaled epinephrine and ephedrine tablets, have also been used. Cardiac side effects occur with these agents at either similar or lesser rates to albuterol. When used solely as a relief medication, inhaled epinephrine has been shown to be an effective agent to terminate an acute asthmatic exacerbation. In emergencies, these drugs were sometimes administered by injection. Their use via injection has declined due to related adverse effects. * Anticholinergic medications, such as ipratropium bromide may be used instead. They have no cardiac side effects and thus can be used in patients with heart disease; however, they take up to an hour to achieve their full effect and are not as powerful as the β2-adrenoreceptor agonists. * Inhaled glucocorticoids are usually considered preventive medications while oral glucocorticoids are often used to supplement treatment of a severe attack. They should be used twice daily in children with mild to moderate persistent asthma. A randomized controlled trial has demonstrated the benefit of 250 microg beclomethasone when taken as an as-needed combination inhaler with 100 microg of albuterol. Long-acting bronchodilators (LABD) are similar in structure to short-acting selective beta2-adrenoceptor agonists, but have much longer side chains resulting in a 12-hour effect, and are used to give a smoothed symptomatic relief (used morning and night). While patients report improved symptom control, these drugs do not replace the need for routine preventers, and their slow onset means the short-acting dilators may still be required. In November 2005, the American FDA released a health advisory alerting the public to findings that show the use of long-acting β2-agonists could lead to a worsening of symptoms, and in some cases death. In December 2008, members of the FDA's drug-safety office recommended withdrawing approval for these medications in children. Discussion is ongoing about their use in adults.Currently available long-acting beta2-adrenoceptor agonists include salmeterol, formoterol, bambuterol, and sustained-release oral albuterol. Combinations of inhaled steroids and long-acting bronchodilators are becoming more widespread; the most common combination currently in use is fluticasone/salmeterol (Advair in the United States, and Seretide in the United Kingdom). Another combination is budesonide/formoterol which is commercially known as Symbicort.A recent meta-analysis of the roles of long-acting beta-agonists may indicate a danger to asthma patients. The study, published in the Annals of Internal Medicine in 2006, found that long-acting beta-agonists increased the risk for asthma hospitalizations and asthma deaths 2- to 4-fold, compared with placebo. "These agents can improve symptoms through bronchodilation at the same time as increasing underlying inflammation and bronchial hyper-responsiveness, thus worsening asthma control without any warning of increased symptoms," said Shelley Salpeter in a press release after the publication of the study. The release goes on to say that "Three common asthma inhalers containing the drugs salmeterol or formoterol may be causing four out of five US asthma-related deaths per year and should be taken off the market". This assertion is viewed by many asthma specialists as being inaccurate. Dr. Hal Nelson, in a recent letter to the Annals of Internal Medicine, points out the following:: "Salpeter and colleagues also assert that salmeterol may be responsible for 4000 of the 5000 asthma-related deaths that occur in the United States annually. However, when salmeterol was introduced in 1994, more than 5000 asthma-related deaths occurred per year. Since the peak of asthma deaths in 1996, salmeterol sales have increased about 5-fold, while overall asthma mortality rates have decreased by about 25%, despite a continued increase in asthma diagnoses. In fact, according to the most recent data from the National Center for Health Statistics, U.S. asthma mortality rates peaked in 1996 (with 5667 deaths) and have decreased steadily since. The last available data, from 2004, indicate that 3780 deaths occurred. Thus, the suggestion that a vast majority of asthma deaths could be attributable to LABA use is inconsistent with the facts." Dr. Shelley Salpeter, in a letter to the Annals of Internal Medicine, responds to the comments of Dr. Nelson, as follows: : "It is true that the asthma death rate increased after salmeterol was introduced, then peaked and is now starting to decline despite continued use of the long-acting beta-agonists. This trend in death rates can best be explained by examining the ratio of beta-agonist use to inhaled corticosteroids... In the recent past, inhaled corticosteroid use has increased steadily while long-acting beta-agonist use has begun to stabilize and short-acting beta-agonist use has declined... Using this estimate, we can imagine that if long-acting beta-agonists were withdrawn from the market while maintaining high inhaled corticosteroid use, the death rate in the United States could be reduced significantly..." ;
