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An anusvara is a diacritic used in the Devanagari script to indicate a nasal consonant.
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IT IS CALLED A DIACRITICAL MARK. SEE:A diacritic (pronounced /daɪəˈkrɪtɪk/) (also diacritical mark, diacritical point, diacritical sign) is an ancillary glyph added to a letter, or basic glyph. The term derives from the Greek διακριτικός(diakritikós, "distinguishing"). Diacritic is both an adjective and a noun, whereas diacritical is only an adjective. Some diacritical marks, such as the acute ( ´ ) and grave ( ` ) but not the cedilla ( ¸ ), are often called accents. Diacritical marks may appear above or below a letter, or in some other position such as within the letter or between two letters.The main use of diacritics in the Latin alphabet is to change the sound value of the letter to which they are added. Examples from English are the diaeresis in naïve and Noël, which show that the vowel with the diaeresis mark is pronounced separately from the preceding vowel; the acute and grave 'accents', which indicate that a final vowel is to be pronounced, as in saké and poetic breathèd, and the cedilla under the "c" in the loaned French word façade, which shows it is pronounced /s/ rather than /k/. In other Latin alphabets, they may distinguish between homonyms, such as French là "there" versus la "the", which are both pronounced [la]. In Gaelic type, a dot over the letter f indicates that it is silent.Diacritical marksaccentacute accent ( ´ )double acute accent ( ˝ )grave accent ( ` )double grave accent ( ̏ )breve ( ˘ )caron / háček ( ˇ )cedilla / cédille ( ¸ )circumflex / vokáň ( ˆ )diaeresis / umlaut ( ¨ )dot ( · )anunaasika ( ˙ )anusvara ( ̣ )chandrabindu ( ँ ঁ ઁ ଁ ఁ )hook / dấu hỏi ( ̉ )horn / dấu móc ( ̛ )macron ( ¯ )ogonek / nosinė ( ˛ )ring / kroužek ( ˚, ˳ )rough breathing / spiritus asper ( ῾ )smooth breathing / spiritus lenis ( ᾿ )Marks sometimes used as diacriticsapostrophe ( ' )bar ( | )colon ( : )comma ( , )hyphen ( ˗ )tilde ( ~ )titlo ( ҃ )v • d • eIn other alphabetic systems, diacritics may perform other functions. Vowel pointing systems, namely the Arabic harakat ( ـَ, ـُ, ـُ, etc.) and the Hebrew niqqud ( ַ, ֶ, ִ, ֹ , ֻ, etc.) systems, indicate sounds (vowels and tones) that are not conveyed by the basic alphabet. The Indic virama ( ् etc.) and the Arabic waṣla (above alif ٱ ) and sukūn ( ـْـ ) mark the absence of a vowel. Cantillation marks indicate prosody. Other uses include the Early Cyrillic titlo ( ◌҃ ) and the Hebrew gershayim ( ״ ), which, respectively, mark abbreviations or acronyms, and Greek diacritics, which showed that letters of the alphabet were being used as numerals.In orthography and collation, a letter modified by a diacritic may be treated either as a new, distinct letter or as a letter-diacritic combination. This varies from language to language and, in some cases, from case to case within a language.In some publications, also letters (as opposed to ancillary glyphs) are in some cases considered to be "in-line diacritics", because they could be said to function like a diacritic, modifying the sound of the letter preceding them, as in the case of the "h" in English "sh" and "th"[1].
How many letters are in the Kannada alphabet?
There are thirteen vowels (swaras):ಅ ಆ ಇ ಈ ​​ಉ ಊ ಋ ಎ ಏ ಐ ಒ ಓ ಔ The Yogavaahaka's (part-vowel, part consonant) include two letters:ಅಂ ಅಃThe structured consonants are classified according to where the tongue touches the palate of the mouth and are classified accordingly into five structured groups.ಕ (ka)ಖ (kha)ಗ (ga)ಘ (gha)ಙ (nga)ಚ (cha)ಛ (chha)ಜ (ja)ಝ (jha)ಞ (nya)ಟ (tta)ಠ (ttha)ಡ (dda)ಢ (ddha)ಣ (nna)ತ (ta)ಥ (tha)ದ (da)ಧ (dha)ನ (na)ಪ (pa)ಫ (pha)ಬ (ba)ಭ (bha)ಮ (ma)The unstructured consonants are consonants that do not fall into any of the above structures: ಯ (ya), ರ (ra), ಱ (ṟ) (obsolete), ಲ (la), ವ (va), ಶ (sha), ಷ (ssa), ಸ (sa), ಹ (ha), ಳ (lla), ೞ (ll) (obsolete). The decimal numerals in the script are: ೦ (0), ೧ (1), ೨ (2), ೩ (3), ೪ (4), ೫ (5), ೬ (6), ೭ (7), ೮ (8), ೯ (9).Written Kannada is composed of kagunita, corresponding to syllables. The signs for consonants may combine with the signs for vowels to form ligatures. Each kagunita corresponds to a syllable. In the table below the top row lists the vowels, and the leftmost column from row 2 down the consonants (actually represented by kagunita, namely that obtained by combining each consonant with the "neutral" vowel 'a'). The remaining cells contain the corresponding kagunita obtained by combining the consonant of that row with the vowel of that column.ಅಆಇಈಉಊಋಎಏಐಒಓಔಅಂಅಃ*ಕಕಾಕಿಕೀಕುಕೂಕೃಕೆಕೇಕೈಕೊಕೋಕೌಕಂಕಃಕ್ಖಖಾಖಿಖೀಖುಖೂಖೃಖೆಖೇಖೈಖೊಖೋಖೌಖಂಖಃಖ್ಗಗಾಗಿಗೀಗುಗೂಗೃಗೆಗೇಗೈಗೊಗೋಗೌಗಂಗಃಗ್ಘಘಾಘಿಘೀಘುಘೂಘೃಘೆಘೇಘೈಘೊಘೋಘೌಘಂಘಃಘ್ಙಙಾಙಿಙೀಙುಙೂಙೃಙೆಙೇಙೈಙೊಙೋಙೌಙಂಙಃಙ್ಚಚಾಚಿಚೀಚುಚೂಚೃಚೆಚೇಚೈಚೊಚೋಚೌಚಂಚಃಚ್ಛಛಾಛಿಛೀಛುಛೂಛೃಛೆಛೇಛೈಛೊಛೋಛೌಛಂಛಃಛ್ಜಜಾಜಿಜೀಜುಜೂಜೃಜೆಜೇಜೈಜೊಜೋಜೌಜಂಜಃಜ್ಝಝಾಝಿಝೀಝುಝೂಝೃಝೆಝೇಝೈಝೊಝೋಝೌಝಂಝಃಝ್ಞಞಾಞಿಞೀಞುಞೂಞೃಞೆಞೇಞೈಞೊಞೋಞೌಞಂಞಃಞ್ಟಟಾಟಿಟೀಟುಟೂಟೃಟೆಟೇಟೈಟೊಟೋಟೌಟಂಟಃಟ್ಠಠಾಠಿಠೀಠುಠೂಠೃಠೆಠೇಠೈಠೊಠೋಠೌಠಂಠಃಠ್ಡಡಾಡಿಡೀಡುಡೂಡೃಡೆಡೇಡೈಡೊಡೋಡೌಡಂಡಃಡ್ಢಢಾಢಿಢೀಢುಢೂಢೃಢೆಢೇಢೈಢೊಢೋಢೌಢಂಢಃಢ್ಣಣಾಣಿಣೀಣುಣೂಣೃಣೆಣೇಣೈಣೊಣೋಣೌಣಂಣಃಣ್ತತಾತಿತೀತುತೂತೃತೆತೇತೈತೊತೋತೌತಂತಃತ್ಥಥಾಥಿಥೀಥುಥೂಥೃಥೆಥೇಥೈಥೊಥೋಥೌಥಂಥಃಥ್ದದಾದಿದೀದುದೂದೃದೆದೇದೈದೊದೋದೌದಂದಃದ್ಧಧಾಧಿಧೀಧುಧೂಧೃಧೆಧೇಧೈಧೊಧೋಧೌಧಂಧಃಧ್ನನಾನಿನೀನುನೂನೃನೆನೇನೈನೊನೋನೌನಂನಃನ್ಪಪಾಪಿಪೀಪುಪೂಪೃಪೆಪೇಪೈಪೊಪೋಪೌಪಂಪಃಪ್ಫಫಾಫಿಫೀಫುಫೂಫೃಫೆಫೇಫೈಫೊಫೋಫೌಫಂಫಃಫ್ಬಬಾಬಿಬೀಬುಬೂಬೃಬೆಬೇಬೈಬೊಬೋಬೌಬಂಬಃಬ್ಭಭಾಭಿಭೀಭುಭೂಭೃಭೆಭೇಭೈಭೊಭೋಭೌಭಂಭಃಭ್ಮಮಾಮಿಮೀಮುಮೂಮೃಮೆಮೇಮೈಮೊಮೋಮೌಮಂಮಃಮ್ಯಯಾಯಿಯೀಯುಯೂಯೃಯೆಯೇಯೈಯೊಯೋಯೌಯಂಯಃಯ್ರರಾರಿರೀರುರೂರೃರೆರೇರೈರೊರೋರೌರಂರಃರ್ಱಱಾಱಿಱೀಱುಱೂಱೃಱೆಱೇಱೈಱೊಱೋಱೌಱಂಱಃಱ್ಲಲಾಲಿಲೀಲುಲೂಲೃಲೆಲೇಲೈಲೊಲೋಲೌಲಂಲಃಲ್ವವಾವಿವೀವುವೂವೃವೆವೇವೈವೊವೋವೌವಂವಃವ್ಶಶಾಶಿಶೀಶುಶೂಶೃಶೆಶೇಶೈಶೊಶೋಶೌಶಂಶಃಶ್ಷಷಾಷಿಷೀಷುಷೂಷೃಷೆಷೇಷೈಷೊಷೋಷೌಷಂಷಃಷ್ಸಸಾಸಿಸೀಸುಸೂಸೃಸೆಸೇಸೈಸೊಸೋಸೌಸಂಸಃಸ್ಹಹಾಹಿಹೀಹುಹೂಹೃಹೆಹೇಹೈಹೊಹೋಹೌಹಂಹಃಹ್ಳಳಾಳಿಳೀಳುಳೂಳೃಳೆಳೇಳೈಳೊಳೋಳೌಳಂಳಃಳ್ೞೞಾೞಿೞೀೞುೞೂೞೃೞೆೞೇೞೈೞೊೞೋೞೌೞಂೞಃ* Last column - no vowel
How many letters are in Sanskrit?
It depends on how you look at it. Sanskrit doesn't strictly have an alphabet all to its own, though Devanāgarī is used most often for it. And strictly speaking, Devanāgarī is an alphasyllabary, not an alphabet. In Sanskrit it's called a वर्णमाला (varṇamāla) which means "garland of characters": अ आ इ ई उ ऊ ऋ ॠ ऌ* ॡ* ए ऐ ओ औ क् ख् ग् घ् ङ् च् छ् ज् झ् ञ् ट् ठ् ड् ढ् ण् त् थ् द् ध् न् प् फ् ब् भ् म् य् र् ल् व् श् ष् स् ह् Transliterated: a ā i ī u ū ṛ ṝ ḷ ḹ e ai o au k kh g gh ṅ c ch j jh ñ ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍh ṇ t th d dh n p ph b bh m y r l v ś ṣ s h *used very rarely (Look up IAST to know more about the pronunciations. The Wikipedia article on IAST is good.) That's 14 base vowels and 33 base consonants. 47 base characters. Now consonants can take on vowels as what are known as diacritics (basically marks in, on, at or around the consonant character), like so: क् - क का कि की कु कू कृ कृ़ कि़ की़ के कै को कौ Transliteration: k - ka kā ki kī ku kū kṛ kṝ kḷ kḹ ke kai ko kau So for each consonant you have the base form PLUS 14 other forms! So you have 15 total forms for 33 consonants: a staggering 495 letters! But that's a gross overcomplication. The mātrā marks-the diacritics-always have the same value, and the same diacritic can be attached to various consonants to give the same vowel sounds. कु is ku; पु is pu; नु is nu; वु is vu, and so on. There's also a couple of extra diacritics that can be added to any letter to give an additional sound, but I don't consider them letters on their own. You have the visarga, : which is used to aspirate the vowels attached to consonants-कः is kuḥ (with a hhhhh sound at the end of the u), कूः and काः are kūḥ and kāḥ respectively, with the ः (ḥ) giving that half-gargling hhhhhhh sound at the end. Then there's the anusvara, represented by a ं dot above (transliterated as ṃ), denoting a flat 'm' sound. किं is kiṃ; कां is (kāṃ), et cetera. There's more but these are the important ones.
