There are no executive powers that are held by the Senate. Executive powers are reserved only for the President of the United States.
confirming presidential appointments
The Senate.
The presidents power to make executive decidions
The Senate committees decide which bills, of any kind (statute and Constitutional Amendment alike) go to the Senate floor.
The Vice President of the United States is the constitutional officer who presides over the Senate. The president pro tempore presides over the Senate if the VP is unavailable.
The House of Representatives has the constitutional authority to bring charges (impeachment) on the President. However the Senate is the group that can put the president on trial for the charges brought by the house.
The American Judicial System, part of the Senate decides which laws are constitutional.
the Senate
Only by a constitutional amendment
Veto
The Constitution doesn't give the House of Representatives any power to control what the Senate does. So if the senators don't want to discuss a House bill they don't have to. The Constitution does give the Senate the power to set its own procedure, and if the Senate has chosen to do outrageous things like allow invisible filibusters then the only things you can do about it are to vote for a Senate candidate who is against dodgy Senate procedure or to campaign for a Constitutional Amendment to impose sensible procedures on the Senate.
The US Senate has the power to approve treaties and the power to declare war. This Constitutional duty has been blurred by political acts by the executive branch. The US president has usurped the Senate's role in foreign affairs by either using the United Nations or a executive prerogative of some sort depending on the issue at hand.
The president of the United States has the constitutional authority to appoint all federal judges. This power is granted to the president under the advice and consent clause found in Article II of the US Constitution.