What is babaylan?

Ano ang katatagan?

isang babaylan

What is a babaylan?

spiritual leader during ancient time

How are babaylanes chosen?

There were two ways to become a babaylan. First was through a mystical source and second was to inherit from a relative.(from wikipedia :] )

Did the early Filipinos have a government of their own before the Spaniards came?

yeah,definitely. That's why we have datus mentioned in Philippine History. Try to look for these keywords and you'll have at least an idea about Philippine government prior to the coming of the spaniards. Umalohokan (town-crier), datu/raha/rajah, alipin saguiguilid, alipin namamahay, babaylan...

Who are the heroes of bohol?

Some of the notable heroes from Bohol are Francisco Dagohoy, a rebel leader in the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule; and Tamblot, a babaylan or traditional healer who led a revolt against Spanish authorities in the 17th century. Both are remembered for their resistance against colonization and their contributions to the local history of Bohol.

Who is princess urduja?

Urduja (ca. 1350 - 1400 CE), is a legendary warrior princess who is recognized as a heroine inPangasinan, Philippines. The name Urduja appears to be Sanskrit in origin, and a variation of the name "Udaya," meaning "arise" or "rising sun," or the name "Urja," meaning "breath." A historical reference to Urduja can be found in the travel account of Ibn Battuta (1304 - possibly 1368 or 1377 C.E.), a Muslim traveler from Morocco.Contents[hide] 1 Ibn Battuta2 Research3 Urduja in popular culture4 See also5 References6 External linksIbn BattutaIbn Battuta described Urduja as the ruler of Kaylukari in the land of Tawalisi. After reaching Samudra in what is now Sumatra, Ibn Battuta passed by Tawalisi on his way to China. Princess Urduja was described as a daughter of a ruler named Tawalisi of a land that was also called Tawalisi. The ruler of Tawalisi, according to Ibn Battuta, possessed many ships and was a rival of China, which was then ruled by aMongol dynasty.[1] Ibn Battuta sailed for 17 days to reach China from the land of Tawalisi.[2] Ibn Battuta made a pilgrimage to Mecca and he traveled to many other parts of the Islamic world. From India and Sumatra, Ibn Battuta reached the land of Tawalisi. Ibn Battuta described Urduja as a warrior princess whose army was composed of men and women. Urduja was a woman warrior who personally took part in the fighting and engaged in duels with other warriors. She was quoted as saying that she will marry no one but him who defeats her in duel. Other warriors avoided fighting her for fear of being disgraced.[3]Urduja impressed Ibn Battuta with her military exploits and her ambition to lead an expedition to India, known to her as the "Pepper Country." She also showed her hospitality by preparing a banquet for Ibn Battuta and the crew of his ship. Urduja generously provided Ibn Battuta with gifts that included robes, rice, two buffaloes, and four large jars of ginger, pepper, lemons, and mangoes, all salted, in preparation for Ibn Battuta's sea-voyage to China.[4]ResearchModern research indicates Ibn Batutta's story of Urduja to be pure fiction and the land of Tawalisi to be similarly fictitious.[5] However, in the late 19th Century, Jose Rizal, national hero of the Philippines, who was also a respected scholar but who did not have access to the sources William Henry Scott accessed, speculated that the land of Tawalisi was in the area of the northern part of the Philippines, based on his calculation of the time and distance of travel Ibn Battuta took to sail to China from Tawalisi. In 1916, Austin Craig, a historian of the University of the Philippines, in "The Particulars of the Philippines Pre-Spanish Past," who also did not have access to the sources William Henry Scott accessed, traced the land of Tawalisi and Princess Urduja to Pangasinan. Philippine school textbooks used to include Princess Urduja in the list of great Filipinos. In the province of Pangasinan, the capitol building in Lingayen is named "Urduja Palace." A statue of Princess Urduja stands at the Hundred Islands National Park in Pangasinan.The description of Princess Urduja's gifts of rice, buffaloes, ginger, pepper, lemons, mangoes, and salt fits Pangasinan perfectly because of the abundance of those products in Pangasinan. The closely related Ibaloi people have an oral tradition of a woman named Udayan who ruled an ancient alliance of lowland and highland settlements in Pangasinan and the neighboring province of Benguet. Ibn Battuta also mentioned that Urduja had some knowledge of Turkish. During the time of Ibn Battuta period, the influence of the Turkish Ottoman Empire was on the rise.Ibn Batutta's travel account suggests that he also saw elephants in the land ruled by Urduja. Elephants can still be found in Borneo, and may have been gifts or traded in Pangasinan in earlier times. Ancient Malayo-Polynesian sailing vessels (such as the Balangay), like the ones used by the ancient Bugis and those depicted in the Borobudur bas-reliefs, were capable of transporting heavy cargoes, including elephants. There are depictions of such ancient ships in maritime Southeast Asia transporting several elephants for trade.In Pangasinan, Urduja has been depicted as the only daughter of a Rajah whose sons lost their lives defending their agricultural settlements in the Agno River valley and sea trade routes to their Srivijaya and Champa allies. Urduja was trained in the art of war since she was a child, and she became an expert with the kampilan and a skilled navigator. She commanded a fleet of proas to protect their maritime trade networks against pirates and threats from Mongol ruled China. With her beauty, she attracted many suitors.Urduja in popular culturePrincesa Urduja, a live-action adventure film based on the legend, was released in 1942.[6] Urduja, an animated feature based on the legendary princess,[7] was released on June 18, 2008. It stars Regine Velasquez (in the lead role of Princess Urduja), Cesar Montano, Eddie Garcia, Johnny Delgado, Michael V. and Allan K. as voice actors. Joey de Leon wrote the lyrics, and the music was composed by Ogie Alcasid.See alsoIbn BattutaPangasinanBenguetIbaloiReferences^ Ibn Battuta, The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, A.D. 1325-1354, vol. 4, trans. H. A. R. Gibb and C. F. Beckingham (London: Hakluyt Society, 1994), pp. 884-5.^ Ibn Battuta, p. 888.^ Ibn Battuta, p. 887.^ Ibn Battuta, pp. 886-7.^ William Henry Scott, Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History, ISBN 9711002264, p.83^ "Princesa Urduja". IMDb. Retrieved 2009-10-07.^ Urduja. 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What is ancient in Philippine society?

COMMUNITY STRUCTUREThe early Filipinos established their communities along the bays, coasts and on the mouths of big rivers. Some communities were small with 50 people living together while others were big with a population of more than 2000.Areas for settlement were chosen on the basis of economic opportunities, use and strategic locations. Areas where sources of food was plentiful was one important factor considered by early Filipinos. Places along the bays, seacoasts and rivers were popular sites for residence because these places also provided a convenient means of transportation.Land use was another factor which affected the site of communities. Cultural beliefs also affected the building of one's house. When the occupants of the house sensed that they had offended the spirits, they quickly moved out of the house for fear of reprisal.The early Filipinos also took certain precautions to protect their homes and community from their enemies. They built wooden fences around their houses and fortified their communities with walls made of palm trees or with arigues, wooden posts filled with earth.DWELLINGSThe word balay is a Visayan word for house. There were three types of houses during the early period. Houses built of permanent wooden materials were called town houses. They were occupied by the datu. This was the largest house in the community. It was 30m long. This was not only the datu's abode, but also his workplace, storehouse and community center for civic and religious affairs. This center had a public lounging platform below or in the front. There were sepearate chambers for the datu, his wife, family, daughters, concubines and house slaves. Wooden partition carved with foliage in high relief separated these chambers.The second type of houses was called cottages. These cottages were occupied by ordinary people (non datus) in the community. They were made of light materials. This enabled the cottage dwellers to be always ready to move every few years to be near shifting swiddens. These cottages were built near the fields.The third type was called the tree houses. These houses were used only in times of war. There were also a variety of huts called balay-balay. They were used by hunters, farmers and travelers.The houses were elevated off the ground on posts and had steep roofs. This type was appropriate for a tropical environment characterized by heavy rainfall.Temporary shelters were also built near the fields where the people raised their crops. These were made of light materials and were often abandoned after harvest time.ECONOMIC ACTIVITIESEarly Filipinos primarily engaged in the following economic activities: farming, fishing, poultry and swine raising, gold mining and trade.Agricultural activities among early Filipinos had an early beginning. The people first used the slash-and-burn method of planting rice. Later, the adopted wet agriculture. The slash-and-burn method was common in the interior and high coastal areas while wet agriculture was practiced in the lowlands. During the planting season, the early Filipinos performed certain rituals to ensure a bountiful harvest. Work in the fields also followed the changes in season. The methods used in wet agriculture are similar to what is being done in the rural areas today.Other crops being raised aside from rice were millet, bananas, sweet potato or camote, areca nuts, oil, cotton, wine and vinegar and coconuts. Abaca was raised and its fibers were gathered and made into ropes or fabrics.SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONThe family was, as it still is today, the smallest but the most significant unit of ancient society. The father and mother were accorded complete obedience and respect by the children. The father was the head of the family while the mother managed household affairs. The early Filipinos had close family ties.There were four social classes in ancient Filipino society: the chiefs, nobles, freemen and the slaves. The datu or the chief headed a barangay or community. His family, relatives and elders belonged to the maginoo class group of nobles. The freemen or middle class belong to the timawa or maharlika group. Men who were born free or were freed from slavery composed the lowest social class because they had no property and were under control of their master.A Filipino could become a slave through birth, inability to pay debts, purchase, punishment for crimes or by being held captive in war. Slaves were of two kinds: aliping namamahay and aliping saguiguilid. The aliping namamahay enjoyed certain privileges such as the right to own property, and the right to work for any master. the aliping saguiguilid did not enjoy any right and freedom at all.Women occupied a high position in early society. They were regarded as equals of men and were given the same respect conffered upon the men. The mother of the family had the honor of naming the children.POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONThe unit of government was the barangay. the barangay varied in population from 30-100 families. The early barangays were independent of each other. The head was called datu and was the chief executive, legislator, judge and military commander. He made laws, enforced them and judged all cases and trials brought by the villagers. However, he had a council of elders who assisted him in his administration. A person could become a datu through inheritance, wealth, wisdom and bravery.The Philippines was divided into hundreds of independent barrangays. For mutual protection and cooperation, several barangays formed a confederation. The confederation of Madya-as under Datu Sumakwel was formed in Panay during the 13th centure.The barangay had both oral and written laws. Oral laws were the customs and traditions which were handed down through generations. The early Filipino named Lubluban, the great granddaughter of the first Filipino man and woman, was the legendary law-giver.The written laws were promulgated by the datu and council of elders. A town crier called umalohokan announced the laws to the people. The contents of ancient laws involved family relations, property rights, domestic affairs, inheritance, marriage conflicts, murder and business problems. Punishment for serious crimes was death, slavery or heavy fines. Minor crimes were punished through with exposure to ants, long hours of swimming, whipping or fines.JUDICIAL SYSTEMThe datu acted as the judge in the barangay. He conducted the trial in full view of his constituents. He conferred judgment on crimes conducted within his barangay.In a civil case, the chief tried to have the case settled amicably. When no amicable settlement was reached by parties concerned, the parties involved were sworn to obey the judgment of the chief.The parties concerned presented as many witnesses as they could in order to bolster their defense. When a witness was called to the witness stand, he took an oath that he would tell the truth by repeating the following words:"May lightning strike me if I am telling a lie. May the heavens or the sun fall upon me if I will tell a lie."The early Filipinos considered swearing as a sacred act. If an accused person refused to accept the verdict of guilt uppon him, the chief could use force to make him obey the law. If one was accused of committing a serious crime, the accused was subjected to trial by ordeal. It was assumed that if a person was guilty, he would not be able to pass the ordeal that would have be given to him. If some persons were suspected of stealing, they were brought to the deepest part of the river and required to jump. Whoever came out first was considered the guilty one.The elders believed that the gods punished those who were guilty and absolved the innocent ones.RELIGIONReligion played an important part in the daily life of early Filipinos. They believed in a Supreme Being which was called Bathala by the Tagalogs; Abba by the Cebuanos; Kabunyian by the Ifugaos; and Laon by the Visayans. The tagalogs believed Bathala was the creater of heaven, Earth and man. They also worshipped lesser gods such as Idianale, goddess of agriculture; Sidapa, Visayan god of death; Apolaki, war god to the Pangasinense; Dallang, Ilocano goddess of beauty; Malyari, Zambal god of strength; Sisiburannen, god of evil among the Visayans; Hayo, god of the sea; and Dian Masalanta, god of love of the Tagalogs.The early Filipinos were believers of spirits called anitos by the Tagalogs and diwatas by the Visayans. They worshiped objects of nature such as rivers, mountains, the sun, moon and animals because they believed that the spirits of their dead ancestors might be in them.Part of the elderly Filipinos' religious life was the mag-anito. This was a ceremony or act of sacrifice which they held in honor of their gods. This ritual was led by priests and priestesses called katalonan among the Tagalogs and babaylan among Visayans. They did not have a definite place of worship. Ceremonies were usually done inside the house and activities involved dancing and singing. Fattened pigs were usually the main animals being offered.BURIAL AND MOURNING CUSTOMSThe early Filipinos observed certain customs connected with burial and mourning. The dead man's body was first cleaned thoroughly, sprayed with perfume and dressed properly. The dead body was preserved inside the house, in a cave or in a place facing the sea. Among the Visayans, they used hardwood in making coffins for their dead. They called these caskets "longon". William Henry Scott, in his book Barangay described these longon as "...hewn from a single tree trunk with a lid cute from the same piece, fitted, pegged and caulked airtight with resins." The longon of a datu or a prominent person usually bore intricate decorations which were done by the future occupant himself. Jars were also used as the resting place of early Filipinos.During the burial, clothes, food, jewelry, household articles, weapons and even slaves were buried with the dead man to accompany him on his journey to the other world. Among the Visayans, this was very important in order to gain acceptance by the relatives who had already preceded them in the land of the dead. The Visayans believed that these relatives await the kalag (soul) on the other side of the land of the dead, which they call Sulad or Saad. During the mourning period, relatives of the dead wore white clothing.The datu was accorded special mourning rites. It was called larao. The barangays went into a period of mourning upon the death of a datu. All wars and activities stopped temporarily. Singing was prohibited especially on boats returning from the sea. All spears were carried with their heads pointed downward.MODE OF DRESSINGFilipinos, even in ancient times were very particular about their manner of dressing. Their clothes were made of cotton, silk and plant fibers. The men's clothing consisted of a collarless, short-sleeved jacket called cangan and a strip of cloth wrapped around the waist and between the legs called bahag. Women's clothing consisted of a blouse with big sleeves called baro and a loost skirt called saya or patadyong. A tapis or a piece of colored cloth was wrapped around the waist.The men also wore a headdress called putong or turban while the women knottedtheir hair at the back of their heads. They usually wore a salakot or a wide-brimmed hat when walking under the sun or rain.To further enhance their personal appearance, women adorned themselves with various types of jewelry such as rings, earrings, bracelets, armlets and necklaces made of gold, silver, agates, pearls, beads and other precious stones.Tattooing the body was popular among the Filipino men. To them, it was a symbol of beauty and bravery. A tattoo is a painting on the human body. A man who killed an enemy tattooed his body to show his bravery. The more men he killed in battle, the more tattoos he had on his body. the tattoos were different shapes and colors. They could be geometric or circular or be of various objects such as birds, flowers, trees, animals or fruits.FOODThe early Filipinos had simple taste in food. Their staple food was rice cooked in clay pots, bamboo tubes or banana leaves. Rice was eaten with fish, shrimp, vegetables, fruits, meat of poultry, hogs, cows, ducks, goats, birds, turtles and carabaos; clams, mussels, seaweeds, sugar, root crops and spices. Food was placed on clean banana leaves. Filipinos ate their hands or with wooden spoons and forks. Cleaned coconut shells served as drinking glasses of water and wine.Drinking wine was a favorite past time of the Filipinos. Tuba, a coconut palm extract was a popular drink. Basi, an Ilocano wine was distilled form sugarcane; pangasi, a Visayang wine extracted from rice; lambanog, a tagalog wine, came from the sap of a young coconut flower while tapuy, an Igorot wine was made from rice.ARTSThe early Filipinos were artistic people. Nipa hut is an example of Filipino architecture. Filipinos also showed artistry in the building of various types of boats. Tattooing was a form of painting.Sculpture was a favorite art form. Clay, wood and gold statues have been unearthed by archaeologists. Handles of weapons and tools showed beautiful carvings.MUSICThe early Filipinos were music lovers. They had their own musical instruments. These were the kudyapi or Tagalog guitar, the kalaleng or Tingguan nose flute, the gangsa or Igorot gong, the silbay or Ilocano reed flute, the tultogan or Visayan bamboo drum and the kulintang or Muslim xylophone.The Visayans of Panay had a pasiyak which looked like a pipe and sounds were produced when air was blown inside the pipe.The tambuli was another popular instrument in ancient Philippines. It was made out of carabao horns. A hole was made on the smaller end of the horn. Sounds were heard when air was blown into the small hole.The early Filipinos had songs for various occassions. Theey had lvoe songs, songs for planting, sailing and lullabies. An example of a love song is the kundiman among the Tagalogs. Folk songs were also popular among the early Filipinos.The sentiments of the early Filipinos were expressed in their dances. Dances like tinikling, maglalatik, iitik-itik, singkil or sagayan, kumintang, dandansoy or binalyan depicted various household and occupational activities.

Ano ang mga pangkat-etniko sa Luzon?

elow ako c JasminePangkat etniko sa LuzonAetaMatatagpuan ang pangkat ng mga aeta sa halos lahat ng dako ng kapuluan. May iba't iba silang pangalan sa iba't ibang lugar. Higit silang marami sa Luzon. Aeta o Ayta ang tawag sa kanila sa hilagang Luzon. Ibuked naman ang tawag sa mga aetang nakatira nang malayo sa mga kapatagan. Sa Kofun, Diango, Paranan at Assao sa Cagayan, Ugsig at Aita ang tawag sa kanila. Sa Palawan, Batak ang tawag sa kanila. Sa Silangang Quezon, Rizal at Bulacan, Dumagat ang tawag sa mga Aeta.Nawala na ang orihinal na wika ng mga Aeta dahil inangkin na nila ang wika ng mga tagakapatagan na kanilang nakakasalamuha. Hindi pa rin naalis sa kanila ang kultura ng pangangaso at paghanap ng mga pagkain mula sa mga halaman sa kapaligiran. Bihasa rin ang mga babae at batang Aeta sa tradisyunal na paraan ng pangingisda gamit ang sima, bitag, lambat at sibat.Pulut-pukyutan ang espesyal na pagkain para sa mga Pinatubo Aeta at Ibuked Ayta. Kumakain din ang mga Pinatubo Aeta ng umok o maliliit na pukyutan at ng latak na nakukuha sa bahay ng pukyutan.Pamilya ang pangunahing yunit ng lipunang Aeta. Gayunpaman, tinutulungan din ng pamilya ang kapamilyang namatayan ng asawa. May pantay na karapatan ang kanilang mga anak at mahigpit ang pagkakaugnay ng magulang at anak. Isa lamang ang asawa ng bawat Aeta. Bawal sa kanila ang pag-aasawa sa malapit na kamag-anak. Ngunit pinapayagan ang ilan na magpakasal sa pinsang buo matapos ganapin ang ritwal na "paghihiwalay ng dugo."Nakabatay sa paggalang sa matanda ang sistemang pulitika ng mga Aeta. Ang mga iginagalang na pangkat ng matatanda ang nagpapanatili ng katahimikan at kapayapaan sa pamayanan. Ang kinikilalang batas ay yaong nabuo mula sa tradisyon.Naniniwala ang mga Aeta na may mga ispiritu ang lahat ng mga nasa kapaligiran tulad ng ilog, dagat, bundok at iba pa. Ito ang dahilan kung bakit kanilang iginagalang ang kalikasan. Hindi sila pumuputol ng puno kung Hindi rin lamang kailangang-kailangan. Naniniwala silang iniinsulto ang ispiritu ng kalikasan kapag inaaksaya ito.TinguianMatatagpuan ang mga Tinguian sa Abra. Nagtatanim sila ng palay sa mga kapatagan at sa mga bai-baitang na palayan. Mahilig sila sa musika, damit at personal na palmuti. Naglalagay sila ng tatu at iniitiman ang ngipin upang akitin ang napupusuan.Naniniwala ang mga Tinguian sa pagkakaroon ng isang asawa lamang. Itinuturing nilang krimen ang pagtataksil sa asawa at pinapatawan ng malaking multa ang sinumang muling nagtataksil. Walang multa kung kusa ang paghihiwalay ng mag-asawa.TagbanuaNaninirahan ang mga Tagbanwa sa baybaying dagat sa gitnang Palawan. Nabubuhay sila sa pamamagitan ng pangingisda, paghahalaman at pangangaso.Mayroon na ring pampulikang balangkas ang mga Tagbanwa. Masakampu ang kanilang tawag sa pinuno ng pangkat. Blusang mahahaba ang manggas at makukulay na paldang patadyong ang kasuotan ng mga babae samantalang nagsusuot lamang ng bahag ang mga lalaki. May bahid ng Malayo-Polinesiya at Indyan ang mga Tagbanwa.MangyanNaninirahan sa mga liblib na pook ng Mindoro ang mga Mangyan. Mahiyain silang tribo. Kayumanggi ang kanilang kulay, itim ang buhok, may maamong mata at katamtaman ang tangkad.May iba't ibang tribu ng Mangyan. Tinatawag na Hanunuo ang isang grupo ng Mangyan na ang ibig sabihin, sila ang tunay na Mangyan. Kumukuha sila ng ikinabubuhay sa mga kagubatan, pangisdaan at kalakalan sa Mindoro.Sa kasalukuyan, sinauna pang alpabeto ang gamit sa pagsulat ng mga pagpapantig. Ang ambahan ang kanilang natatanging panitikan na kanilang napanatili sa pamamagitan ng pag-ukit nito sa mga kutsilyo, mga kagamitan at sa mga lukas o lalagyan ng nganga.Ang mga Alangan o Mangyan sa hilaga ang purong Mangyan. Mayroon silang tipong Negrito. Sa mga kasukalan ng Mindoro sila nananahanan at kamote ang kanilang pangunahing pagkain.IfugaoSa gitnang bahagi ng hilagang Luzon ang tirahan ng mga Ifugao. Galing sa salitang ipugo na ang ibig sabihin ay "mula sa mga burol" ang salitang Ifugao.Ang tipikal na pamayanan ng mga Ifugao ay ang tumpok ng mga kwadradong kubo na natutukuran ng poste. Tulad ng ibang lipunan, mayroon ding mga ari-arian ang mga Ifugao. Ang mga mayaman at mga may titulo ang nag-aari ng maraming hinagdang palayan. Tuwing may pagdiriwang ang mayayaman tulad ng kasal o libing, masagana ang handaan.May kanya-kanyang gawaing ginagampanan ang bawat Ifugao. Iniuukol nila ang kanilang maghapon sa paggawa. Katulad ng ibang pangkat, mayroon ding diborsyo sa mga Ifugao. Naniniwala sila sa pagkakaroon ng iisang asawa.KalingaMatatagpuan ang mga Kalinga sa pinakahilagang bahagi ng Luzon. Mahilig sila sa makukulay na pananamit at pampaganda. Napakahalaga sa kanila ng mga pampalamuting alahas sa buong katawan. Ang ibinibigay na dote para sa ikakasal ay tinatawag na ballong o kalon. Maaaring magkaroon ng higit sa isang asawa ang isang Kalinga.Bilang mga mandirigma at mamumugot, ginagawa ng mga Kalinga ang budong, isang kasunduang pangkapayapaan, upang maiwasan nila ang pakikidigma sa isa't isa.ItawesMatatagpuan ang mga Itawes sa timog-kanlurang bahagi ng Cagayan. Ang Itawes ay nagmula sa mga salitang I at tawid na nangangahulugang "mga tao sa kabila ng ilog". Kilala rin sila sa tawag na Itawit, Tawish, Itawi at Itaves. Karaniwang naninirahan ang mga Itawes sa isang pamayanan kasama ang mga Ibanag kaya Ibanag din ang ginagamit nilang wika.Pangunahing ikinabubuhay ng mga Itawes ang pag-aalaga ng hayop, pangangaso, pangingisda, paggawa ng alak, bulak paghahabi at pagsasaka.GaddangTinatawag ding Gadam, Gaddanes o Iraya ang mga pangkat-etnikong ito na matatagpuan sa Nueva Vizcaya at Isabela. Tahimik at matulungin ang mga Gaddang bagaman handa silang makipaglaban kung kinakailangan.Pagsasaka ang pangunahing ikinabubuhay ng mga Gaddang. Gabi, palay, sili, bawang, tubo at iba pang gulay ang kanilang itinatanim. Pangalawang pinagkukunan ng kanilang ikinabubuhay ang pangingisda, pangangaso at pagtitinda.Kankana-eyAng mga Kankana-ey ang pangatlo sa pinakamalaking pangkat sa bulubunduking lalawigan ng hilagang Luzon. May dalawang pangkat ang Kankana-ey sa Mankayan, Bakun, Kubungan, Buguias at sa mataas na bahagi ng Benguet. Halos walang ipinagkaiba ang dalawang pangkat na ito ng Kankana-ey. Kapwa sila kayumanggi, kadalasang may mga tatu, may malalaking mata at mauumbok na pisngi.Mga magsasaka ang mga Kankana-ey. Nagsasaka sila sa pamamagitan ng kaingin sa gilid ng mga bundok. Pangunahing pinagkukunan ng kanilang kabuhayan ang pangangaso at pangingisda. Hinuhuli nila ang usa at baboy damo sa pamamagitan ng aso at lambat.Walang pormal na pamunuang pulitikal ang lipunang Kankana-ey. Ang kadangyan o baknang na tradisyunal na aristokrasya ang may malaking impluwensya sa lipunan. Naniniwala sila sa pagkakaroon ng iisang asawa. Ang pamilya ang pangunahing yunit ng lipunan. Ang ama ang puno rito. Siya ang inaasahang magbibigay ng lahat ng kabuhayan ng pamilya.IlongotNangangahulugan na "mula sa gubat" ang pangalang Ilongot, ang pangkat na matatagpuan sa kagubatan ng Isabela at Nueva Vizcaya. Kung minsan, tinatawag din silang Ilongotes o Ibilao. Mahilig silang gumamit ng pana na kanilang natutuhan sa mga Negrito. Nagsasaka ng palay, tabako, saging, kamote at gulay ang mga Ilongot. Nanghuhuli rin sila ng baboy-ramo, usa at ibon sa gubat. Kanilang ipinagpapalit ng tela, kutsilyo at asin ang mga produktong ito sa mga nasa kapatagan.Sumasamba sa maraming diyos ang mga Ilongot. Bukod dito, sinasamba rin nila ang araw, kaluluwa ng mga namatay at iba pang kaluluwa sa kalikasan.IbaloyAng mga Ibaloy ay matatagpuan sa mga munisipalidad ng Kabayan, Bokod, Sablan, Tublay, La Trinidad, Itogon, Benguet at Tuba sa timog-silangan ng Benguet. Kasama sa wika ng mga Ibaloy ang ilang salitang Ilokano at Pangasinense.Ang mga Ibaloy ay kayumanggi, mababa at may matipunong pangangatawan. Nakatira ang mga Ibaloy sa mga mabundok at mabatong lugar. Gawa sa kogon o nipa ang karaniwang bahay ng mga Ibaloy. May pintuan itong nakaharap sa hilaga o silangan at walang bintana. Marami silang kasanayan para sa pag-aangkop sa kapaligiran tulad ng hagdang-hagdang taniman sa gilid ng bundok at pagpapatubig sa mga ito sa tulong ng mga tubong kawayan.Masisipag na magsasaka ang mga Ibaloy. Nagtatanim sila ng lahat ng uri ng gulay, strawberry at mga prutas. Mga lalaki ang naghahabi ng basket.Dati, ang tungtong o konseho na binubuo ng baknang o mayayamang pangkat at matatalino ang nagpapasya sa pamayanan. May mga batas sila na sumasakop sa mga kaugalian sa kasal, diborsyo, pagmamana at mga krimen. Kinikilala rin nila ang kapangyarihan ng pambansang pamahalaan.Sa kasalukuyang panahon, nananatili pa rin ang kasal ng mga Ibaloy sa simbahang Katoliko ngunit sinusunod pa rin nila ang kasunduan ng anak na ipakakasal. Sa handaan, tradisyong Ibaloy pa rin ang nasusunod.IsnegKilala rin sa tawag na Apayao o Ina-gang mga Isneg na matatagpuan sa Kalinga at Apayao. Karaniwan na sa matatarik na dalisdis at mabababang burol na malapit sa mga ilog nagtatatag ng pamayanan ang mga Isneg.Bigas ang pangunahing pagkain ng mga Isneg. Maliban sa palay, nagtatanim sila ng mais, kamote, taro at tubo para sa paggawa ng basi. Ginagawa nila ang pagtatanim matapos ang ilang ritwal o seremonya ayon na rin sa kanilang paniniwala na kaugnay ng lupa, gubat at ilog ang buhay. Ayon sa kanilang batas, ang pag-aari ng lupa ay batay sa pagiging una sa paggamit nito, aktwal na paggamit at pagtira rito at kung ito ay namamana.Naiiba ang anyo ng bahay ng mga Isneg sa mga bahay ng iba pang pangkat-etniko sa Cordillera. Hugis-bangka ang bahay ng mga Isneg na kanilang tinatawag na binuron. Maraming pamilya ang maaaring tumira sa binuron na may isang silid lamang.IvatanMga mamamayan ng Batanes ang mga Ivatan. Relihiyoso, masisipag, matitiyaga, magagalang at mapagkakatiwalaan ang mga Ivatan. Karaniwan sa kanila ang pagsusuot ng vakul, isang uri ng sombrero na gawa sa hinabing dahon ng voyavoy.Madalas na dinaraanan ng bagyo ang Batanes kaya mababang hugis-kahon ang mga bahay ng mga Ivatan. Gawa ito sa bato, kogon at apog. Mayroon itong maliliit na bintana.Mga halamang-ugat ang kanilang itinatanim at ito rin ang kanilang pangunahing ikinabubuhay.Sa kasalukuyan, marami na ring mga Ivatan ang nakatapos ng kursong tulad ng inhinyeriya, medisina, edukasyon at iba pa.Matatagpuan ang mga Isinay sa Aritao, Bayombong at Dupax sa Nueva Vizcaya. Katulad ng mga Ivatan, hawig ang kanilang anyo sa mga Ainu ng bansang Hapon at nahahawig ang kanilang wika sa Pangasinense. Nabibilang ito sa mga diyalekto ng Ilokano.Kristiyano ang malaking bahagi ng populasyon ng mga Isinay. Bukod sa pagsasaka, isa pa rin sa kanilang pangunahing ikinabubuhay ang paghabi ng tela.Pangkat-etniko sa MindanaoMaranaoMay sariling relihiyon at kultura ang mga Muslim. Pagtatanim, pagtrotroso, pangngisda at paggawa ng mga Industriyang pangtahanan ang nagbibigay sa kanila ng ikinabubuhay. Sila ay marunong magmina, manisid ng perlas at gumawa ng bangka o vinta.Nagkakaiba man ang wika kasuotan, paniniwala at paraan ng paghahanapbuhay, ang mga pangkat-etniko sa Pilipinas ay may isang damdamin kung pagpapayaman sa kultura ang pag-uusapan. by Jobelle E. Selga. BSU (Grade 2)Ang mga Maranao ay nakatira sa paligid ng Lawa ng Lanao - Lanao del Sur, Lanao del Norte, Lungsod ng Marawi at Lungsod ng Iligan. "Lawa" ang kahulugan ng salitang "ranao" kung saan hinango ang kanilang pangalan.Ang Marawi ang tinaguriang lungsod ng mga dugong bughaw na Maranao. Sa malalaking bahay sila nakatira na may malalawak na pasilyo ngunit walang mga silid. Tanging ang mga dugong bughaw lamang ang pinapayagang manumit ng kulay ginto. Kadalasang makikita ang mga karaniwang Maranao na may dalang nakatiklop na banig pandanus. Kanila itong ginagamit sa sahig ng tahanan at sa mga moske.Buo pa rin at Hindi naiimpluwensyahan ang kulturang Maranao. Nananatili pa rin ang kanilang tunay na naiibang disenyo at kulay sa kanilang mga gawang ukit, damit at banig at sa kanilang mga kagamitang gawa sa tanso.T'boliSa Cotabato matatagpuan ang mga T'boli. Nangangaso sila, nangingisda at nangunguha ng mga prutas sa kagubatan na kanilang ikinabubuhay. Kaingin ang sistema ng kanilang pagsasaka. Gumagawa sila ng tela para sa damit mula sa t'nalak na hinabi mula sa hibla ng abaka.Walang "pari" ang mga T'boli na gumaganap ng mga sagradong ritwal o nagsisilbing tagapamagitan sa tao at sa mga bathala. Kadalasang iniuukol ng mga kababaihan ang kanilang panahon sa pagpapaganda sa sarili. Nagpapahid sila ng pulot-pukyutan sa mukha, nagsusuot ng maraming hikaw, kwintas, maliliit na kampanilya at binurdahang damit.Nagpapalagay rng tatu o hakang ang mga babae. Maaaring mag-asawa nang marami ang lalaking T'boli.TausugKinikilala sa katapangan at kahusayan sa pakikidigma ang mga Tausug. Hindi sila kailanman umuurong sa anumang labanan sapagkat para sa kanila, ang karuwagan ay batik sa karangalan ng pamilya. Likas na mapagbigay at palakaibigan ang mga Tausug. Nalinang ang ugaling ito sa kanilang pakikipag-ugnayan at pakikipagkalakalan sa mga tao sa Timog-silangang Asya.May pagkakaiba ang mga Tausug na nasa mga burol na tinawag na tao giniba at nasa mga dalampasigan na tinawag na tao higad. Mangingisda ang mga nakatira sa malapit sa dagat at magsasaka naman ang mga nasa loobang bahagi. Naninisid ng perlas ang nasa may dalampasigan na kanilang ipinagpapalit ng seda, tanso at bakal sa mga taga-Borneo at Sabah. Kanila ring ipinagpapalit ang mga ito ng pagkain sa mga magsasaka. Ang kalakalang ito ang nagdala ng Islam sa Sulu.BadjaoAng pangkat na Badjao ay naninirahan sa Sulu, sa mga bayan ng Maubu, Bus-bus, Tanjung, Pata, Tapul, Lugus, Bangas, Parang, Maimbung, Karungdung at Talipaw. Tinatawag din silang Luaan, Lutaos, Bajau, Orang Laut, Samal Pal'u at Pala'u. Samal ang kanilang wika.Kahawig ng mga Samal ang kanilang kultura. May haka-hakang sila at ang mga Samal ay isang pangkat na nagmula sa Johore sa dakong timog ng pinensulang Malaya.Nakatira sila sa mga bangkang-bahay. Isang pamilya na may myembrong 2-13 miyembro ang maaaring tumira sa bangkang-bahay.Pangingisda ang pangunahin nilang hanapbuhay. Gumagawa rin sila ng mga vinta at mga gamit sa pangingisda tulad ng lambat at bitag. Ang mga kababaihan ay naghahabi ng mga banig na may iba't-ibang uri ng makukulay na disenyo. Magaling din silang sumisid ng perlas.Dahil malapit sa Tausug, karamihan sa kanila ay Muslim. Gayunpaman, naniniwala pa rin sila sa umboh o kaluluwa ng kanilang mga ninuno. ito ay pawang katotohanan.SubanonAng mga Subanon ay matatagpuan sa mga kabundukan ng Zamboanga del Norte at Zamboanga del Sur. Kayumanggi sila at may makapal at maitim na buhok. Naniniwala silang sa iisang ninuno lamang sila nagmula.CuyunonAng mga Cuyunon ay naninirahan sa mga pulo ng Busuanga. Agutaya at Cuyo sa gitna ng Dagat Sulu sa silangan ng Palawan at timog-kanluran ng Panay. Ayon kay Padre Luis de Jesus, isa sa mga Español na nakarating sa Cuyo at Busuanga, ang mga Cuyunon ay may dugong Tsino kaya masisipag sila at matatalino sa kalakalan. Pagkakaingin ang kanilang paraan ng pagsasaka. Nagtatanim sila ng palay, mais, kamote, at ube. Pangalawang pinagkukunan ng kanilang ikinabubuhay ang pangingisda.Pangkat-pangkat ang mga Cuyunon kung magsaka, mangisda at kahit sa maliliit na gawaing tulad ng paglilinis ng bahay. Madalas na nag-uugnayan ang magkakapitbahay at nag-iinuman ang mga kalalakihan matapos ang kanilang gawain. Sa kanila ng pagiging Kristiyano ng mga Cuyunon, laganap pa rin ang kanilang pagsamba sa kaluluwa ng mga yumao at mga ritwal ng mga babaylan. Ang ritwal na kanilang tinatawag na palasag ay ginaganap bago mahinog ang mga palay. Para naman sa pagpapagaling sa mga maysakit, ginaganap ang taga-blac upang paalisin sa katawan ng maysakit ang masamang ispiritu. Ang patulod-sarot naman ang ritwal para mapigilan ang paglaganap ng epidemya.BagoboMatatagpuan ang mga Bagobo sa mga baybayin ng gulpo ng Davao. Maputi sila, may matipunong pangangatawan at malapad na mukha. Kulay-mais ang kanilang buhok na may natural na kulot. Itim ang kanilang mga mata na may bahagyang pagkasingkit. Sadyang inahit nang halos guhit na lamang ang kilay ng mga Bagobo. Makapal ang kanilang labi at bilugan ang baba.Ang mga Bagobo ang unang pangkat na nadatnan ng mga Español sa Mindanao. Noong panahong iyon, nagkakalakalan na ang iba't ibang tribu ng Bagobo. Pangunahing ikinabubuhay nila ang pagsasaka dahil na rin malapit ang kanilang panahanan sa pinagkukunan ng tubig. Pinagsasalit-salit nilang itanim ang palay at mais. Walang malinaw na pagkakaiba ang mga Gawain ng babae at lalaking Bagobo. Kapwa naghihimay ng hibla ng abaka ang babae at lalaki gayundin ang paghabi ng basket.Napapangkat sa tatlo ang tradisyunal na lipunan ng mga Bagobo. Ang bayani ang mandirigma at ang datu ang pinuno ng mga ito. Minamana ang pagiging datu. Pangunahing tungkulin ng datu ang tumayong huwes, mag-ayos ng mga gulo at ipagtanggol ang tribu. Ang mga nabalian o paring babae ang pangalawang uri sa lipunan. Sila ang matatandang babaing mahuhusay sa paghabi.YakanNagtatanim sila ng palay, niyog, kamoteng kahoy, lansones at mais. May sistema ng pagpapalitan sa pagsasaka ng Yakan. Nagagawa sa maikling panahon ang pag-aararo dahil pinagtutulung-tulungan ng mga magkakamag-anak at magkakaibigan ito. Punong- puno ng mga tradisyunal na paniniwala at kaugalian ang kanilang mga gawain sa pagsasaka. May paniniwala silang ang palay ay may sultan at mga pinuno kaya kinakausap nila ang "haring" palay upang mamuno sa iba pang mga binhing palay sa pagkakaroon ng masaganang ani. Kailangang ding tahimik sila habang nag-aani ng palay sa pangambang makatawag n gang iangay at maaaring liparin palayo ang palay.Patriarka ang uri ng lupaing Yakan kung saan ang amana o ama ang pinakapuno ng pamilya. Napakalapit ng ugnayan ng magkakamag-anak kaya lapit-lapit ang kanilang mga bahay at habdang tumulong ang bawat isa sa sinuman sa kanila na magkaroon ng kasawian o kaya kapag may kasayahan.Maraming ipinagbabawal sa buhay ng mga Yakan. Ipinagbabawal sa kanila ang pagpapakasal sa magpinsang makalawa ngunit maaaring magpakasal ang magpinsang buo manatili ang yaman ng angkan. Maaaring magpakasal nang higit sa apat ang lalaking Yakan kung kaya niyang bigyan ang mga ito ng sapat na kabuhayan. Pinapayagan din sa kanila ang diborsyo kung pumapayag dito ang lalaki.Ang mga Yakan lamang ang tanging pangkat na kapwa nagsususot ng pantalon ang lalaki at babae. Isinusuot ng lalaking Yakan ang maong sa kanyang ulo samantalang ipinupulupot naman ito ng mga babae sa kanilang baywang.ihiyon at kultura

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