It is referred to as the green house effect.
the uneven heating of the sun.
In the summer the sun passes almost directly vertical over the Sonoran Desert and there is little in the way of humidity or cloud cover to prevent the rays of the sun from striking the earth, heating it. The hor earth then heats the air directly above it.
Milky Way Galaxy, Sun, Earth
...only as a metaphor. The Earth is a planet that is in the Milky Way galaxy. The Earth is not a galaxy. No, the Earth is a planet which orbits the Sun (which is a star) along with several other plants, this is called the solar system. Our Sun and its planets along with millions of other stars form a galaxy called The Milky Way.
Earth is a planet. It revolves around the sun. Our solar system - earth and the other planets - are part of a galaxy called the Milky Way.
When the Earth travels all the way around the Sun, it is called a "revolution." This journey takes approximately 365.25 days to complete, which is why we have a year with 365 days and sometimes an extra day in a leap year.
A lunar eclipse. A solar eclipse is the other way around when the moon passes between the Earth and Sun. This would be a solar eclipse
The sun's energy is the primary driver of wind patterns on Earth. As the sun heats the Earth's surface unevenly, air masses of differing temperatures and pressures are created, leading to the movement of air which we feel as wind. In this way, the sun's energy is indirectly responsible for creating wind.
When the sun appears to move across the sky from east to west each day, it is actually the Earth rotating on its axis that creates this perception. The Earth revolves around the sun in a yearly orbit, not the other way around. This daily movement of the sun across the sky is due to the Earth's rotation.
A revolution. That is how we measure years.
A Solar system. Earth is a part of the Milky way Solar system.
In short, the sun heats the earth with, of course, sunlight. It also allows plants to use photosynthesis, a process that feeds the plant. Without the sun, the earth wouldn't be dark. The earth wouldn't be there. If the sun was no longer around, the milisecond it left, the earth would freeze. If it blew up, so would the Milky Way, our galaxy.