cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder that develops over hours, usually because a gallstone obstructs the cystic duct. Symptoms include right upper quadrant pain and tenderness, sometimes accompanied by fever, chills, nausea, and vomiting. Abdominal ultrasonography detects the gallstone and sometimes the associated inflammation. Treatment usually involves antibiotics and cholecystectomy.
Cholecystitis is the isolated inflammation of the gall bladder due to stones or obstruction in the cystic duct. Pain present but no jaundice.
Choledocholithiasis is the obstruction in the common bile duct. Pain and jaunduce both present.
Chronic cholecystitis is long-standing swelling and irritation of the gallbladder.
Alternative NamesCholecystitis - chronic
Causes, incidence, and risk factorsChronic cholecystitis is usually caused by repeated attacks of acute cholecystitis. This leads to thickening of the gallbladder walls. The gallbladder begins to shrink and eventually loses the ability to perform its function, which is concentrating, storing, and releasing bile.
The disease occurs more often in women than in men. The incidence increases after age 40. The main risk factors include the presence of gallstones (in which case, the symptoms are due to gallstones).
SymptomsAttacks of upper abdominal pain, often with nausea or vomiting.
Signs and testsTests that reveal gallstones or inflammation in the gallbladder:
Surgery is the usual treatment. Surgery to remove the gallbladder (cholecystectomy) can be performed as an open or laparoscopic procedure. The open procedure requires a large cut in the upper-right part of the abdomen. Laparoscopic surgery uses instruments and a small camera inserted through a cluster of a few small cuts.
In patients who are poor candidates for surgery because of other diseases or conditions, the gallstones may be dissolved with medication taken by mouth.
Expectations (prognosis)Cholecystectomy is a common procedure with a low risk.
ComplicationsCall for an appointment with your health care provider if you develop any symptoms of cholecystitis.
PreventionThe condition is not always preventable. Eating less fatty foods may relieve symptoms in people with acute cholecystitis who have not had their gallbladder removed. However, the benefit of a low-fat diet has not been proven.
ReferencesAfdhal NH. Diseases of the gallbladder and bile ducts. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds.Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier;2007:chap 159.Chronic pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas that does not heal or improve, gets worse over time, and leads to permanent damage.
Causes, incidence, and risk factorsThe pancreas is an organ located behind the stomach that produces chemicals (called enzymes) needed to digest food. It also produces the hormones insulin and glucagon.
When inflammation and scarring of the pancreas occur, the organ is no longer able to make the right amount of these enzymes. As a result, your body may be unable to digest fat and other important parts of food.
Damage to the portions of the pancreas that make insulin may lead to Diabetes.
The condition is most often caused by alcohol abuse over many years. Repeat episodes of acute pancreatitis can lead to chronic pancreatitis. Genetics may be a factor in some cases. Sometimes the cause is not known.
Other conditions that have been linked to chronic pancreatitis:
Chronic pancreatitis occurs more often in men than in women. The condition often develops in people ages 30 - 40.
SymptomsThe symptoms may become more frequent as the condition gets worse. The symptoms may mimic pancreatic cancer. Sitting up and leaning forward may sometimes relieve the abdominal pain of pancreatitis.
Signs and testsTests for pancreatitis include:
Inflammation or calcium deposits of the pancreas, or changes to the ducts of the pancreas may be seen on:
An exploratory laparotomy may be done to confirm the diagnosis, but this is usually done for acute pancreatitis.
TreatmentPeople with severe pain or who are losing weight may need to stay in the hospital for:
Eating the right diet is important for people with chronic pancreatitis. A nutritionist can help you create the best diet to maintain a healthy weight and receive the correct vitamins and minerals. All patients should be:
The doctor may prescribe pancreatic enzymes, which you must take with every meal. The enzymes will help you digest food better and gain weight.
Avoid smoking and drinking Alcoholic Beverages, even if your pancreatitis is mild.
Other treatments may involve:
Surgery may be recommended if a blockage is found. In severe cases, part or all of the pancreas may be removed.
Expectations (prognosis)This is a serious disease that may lead to disability and death. You can reduce the risk by avoiding alcohol.
ComplicationsCall for an appointment with your health care provider if:
Determining the cause of acute pancreatitis and treating it quickly may help prevent chronic pancreatitis. Not drinking a lot of alcohol reduces the risk of developing this condition.
ReferencesNair RJ, Lawler L, Miller MR. Chronic pancreatitis. Am Fam Physician. 2007;76:1679-1688.
Owyang C. Chronic pancreatitis. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 147.
Chronic cholecystitis is swelling and irritation of the gallbladder that persists over time.
The gallbladder is a sac located under the liver. It stores bile that is made in the liver. Bile helps the intestines digest fats.
Alternative NamesCholecystitis - chronic
Causes, incidence, and risk factorsChronic cholecystitis is usually caused by repeated attacks of acute (sudden) cholecystitis. Most of these attacks are caused by gallstones in the gallbladder.
These attacks cause the walls of the gallbladder to thicken. The gallbladder begins to shrink. Over time, the gallbladder is less able to concentrate, store, and release bile.
The disease occurs more often in women than in men, especially after age 40.
SymptomsFor symptoms of acute cholecystitis, see: Acute cholecystitis.
Acute cholecystitis is a painful condition that leads to chronic cholecystitis. It is not clear whether chronic cholecystitis causes any symptoms.
Signs and testsYour health care provider may order the following blood tests:
Tests that reveal gallstones or inflammation in the gallbladder include:
Surgery is the usual treatment. Surgery to remove the gallbladder is called cholecystectomy.
In patients who are too ill to have surgery because of other diseases or conditions, the gallstones may be dissolved with medication taken by mouth. However, this may take 2 years or longer to work, and the stones may return after treatment.
Expectations (prognosis)Cholecystectomy is a common procedure with a low risk.
ComplicationsCall for an appointment with your health care provider if you develop any symptoms of cholecystitis.
PreventionThe condition is not always preventable. Eating less fatty foods may relieve symptoms in people with acute cholecystitis who have not had their gallbladder removed. However, the benefit of a low-fat diet has not been proven.
ReferencesWang DQH, Afdhal NH. Gallstone disease. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. 9th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier;2010:chap 65.
Reviewed ByReview Date: 02/07/2011
George F. Longstreth, MD, Department of Gastroenterology, Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program, San Diego, CA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
Chronic pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas that does not heal or improve, gets worse over time, and leads to permanent damage.
Causes, incidence, and risk factorsThe pancreas is an organ located behind the stomach that produces chemicals (called enzymes) needed to digest food. It also produces the hormones insulin and glucagon.
When inflammation and scarring of the pancreas occur, the organ is no longer able to make the right amount of these enzymes. As a result, your body may be unable to digest fat and other important parts of food.
Damage to the portions of the pancreas that make insulin may lead to diabetes.
The condition is most often caused by alcohol abuse over many years. Repeat episodes of acute pancreatitis can lead to chronic pancreatitis. Genetics may be a factor in some cases. Sometimes the cause is not known.
Other conditions that have been linked to chronic pancreatitis:
Chronic pancreatitis occurs more often in men than in women. The condition often develops in people ages 30 - 40.
SymptomsThe symptoms may become more frequent as the condition gets worse. The symptoms may mimic pancreatic cancer. Sitting up and leaning forward may sometimes relieve the abdominal pain of pancreatitis.
Signs and testsTests for pancreatitis include:
Inflammation or calcium deposits of the pancreas, or changes to the ducts of the pancreas may be seen on:
An exploratory laparotomy may be done to confirm the diagnosis, but this is usually done for acute pancreatitis.
TreatmentPeople with severe pain or who are losing weight may need to stay in the hospital for:
Eating the right diet is important for people with chronic pancreatitis. A nutritionist can help you create the best diet to maintain a healthy weight and receive the correct vitamins and minerals. All patients should be:
The doctor may prescribe pancreatic enzymes, which you must take with every meal. The enzymes will help you digest food better and gain weight.
Avoid smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages, even if your pancreatitis is mild.
Other treatments may involve:
Surgery may be recommended if a blockage is found. In severe cases, part or all of the pancreas may be removed.
Expectations (prognosis)This is a serious disease that may lead to disability and death. You can reduce the risk by avoiding alcohol.
ComplicationsCall for an appointment with your health care provider if:
Determining the cause of acute pancreatitis and treating it quickly may help prevent chronic pancreatitis. Not drinking a lot of alcohol reduces the risk of developing this condition.
ReferencesNair RJ, Lawler L, Miller MR. Chronic pancreatitis. Am Fam Physician. 2007;76:1679-1688.
Owyang C. Chronic pancreatitis. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 147.
Reviewed ByReview Date: 01/20/2010
George F. Longstreth, MD, Department of Gastroenterology, Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program, San Diego, California. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
its stone in the gall bladder or gall stone
A stone which form inside a galbladder is known as Chronic Calculous Cholecystitis
i dont know i am asking you
Talya Levine has written: 'Chronic cholecystitis' -- subject(s): Cholecystitis, Complications, Etiology, Pathology, Vascular Diseases
Chronic cholecystitis is one cause of a small gallbladder.
The disorder can occur a single time (acute), or can recur multiple times (chronic).
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