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Blood substitute refers to an alternative to a blood transfusion which can mean one of a number of things.

The number one alternative being used right now is to use a machine that collects the blood as you bleed out during surgery, cleans the blood and then puts it back into the body.

This reduces the chance of a reaction to your heart, the chance of stroke or the extremely common infection that sets in after a blood transfusion. It also eliminates any problems related to the blood sitting for too long which reduces the bloods ability to carry protein or oxygen.

Blood from other people carry other problems because of the antigens associated with blood can attack any blood that is not the exact same. There are 29 current blood types (not 4 like most people think).

The other problem that this eliminates is disease. We can only test for diseases that we are currently aware of but so many are being discovered all the time that we are unable to test for those.

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