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Red LED's appeared in the early 1970's and were easier to produce using Gallium Arsenide crystals. Yellow and green followed very quickly but Blue had to wait until the late 1990's when a Young Japanese research chemist working for Nichia Corp manage to get a Silicon nitride crystal to emit blue light. This was the key to full colour LED displays and having been given 200 dollars as a prize he sued his employers for 10,000,000 dollars.

White LED's are blue LED's covered by a thin layer of phosphors similar to the powders used to coat the inside of fluorescent tubes. This photon/quantum interaction converts blue light to near white.

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