What is inaq?

How do you check vacuum hoses 95 ford F150?

By Larry Carley c2007Have you ever tried to tune an engine only to find it won't idle or run right? Or have you ever been confronted with an engine that just doesn't seem to run right no matter what you've done or replaced? You may be dealing with an engine vacuum leak.Sometimes a vacuum leak will whistle or hiss and make itself obvious. But oftentimes, a vacuum leak will disguise itself as an ignition or fuel problem that defies diagnosis. Either way, an engine vacuum leak is bad news because allows "unmetered" air to enter the engine and upset the air/fuel ratio. So how do you know when a vacuum leak is causing a problem? If the engine is experiencing any of the following symptoms, a vacuum leak is probably responsible: * Too fast an idle speed. If an engine without computerized idle speed control is idling too fast and refuses to come down to a normal idle speed despite your best efforts to back off the carburetor idle speed screw or air bypass adjustment screw (fuel injection), air is getting past the throttle somewhere. Common leak paths include the carburetor and throttle body gaskets, carburetor insulator spacers, intake manifold gaskets, and of course, any of the engine's vacuum fittings, hoses and accessories. It is even possible that leaky O-rings around the fuel injectors are allowing air to leak past the seals. Another overlooked item can be a worn throttle shaft. * A rough idle or stalling. A performance cam with lots of valve overlap can give an engine a lopping idle, but so can a vacuum leak. A really serious leak can lean the air/fuel mixture out to such an extent that an engine won't idle at all. An EGR valve that is stuck open at idle can have the same effect as a vacuum leak. So too can the wrong PCV valve (one that flows too much air for the application), or a loose PCV hose. The rough idle in these cases is caused by "lean misfire." The fuel mixture is too lean to ignite reliably so it often misfires and fails to ignite at all. Lean misfire will show up as elevated hydrocarbon (HC) readings in the exhaust, enough, in fact, to cause a vehicle to fail an emissions test. * Hesitation or misfiring when accelerating. This may be due to a vacuum leak, but it can also be caused by a weak or inoperative accelerator pump in a carburetor, dirty injectors, or even ignition problems such as a cracked coil, worn spark plugs or incorrectly gapped plugs. * An idle mixture that defies adjustment. When setting the idle mixture adjustment screws on a carburetor, the idle speed should start to falter as the adjustment screws are turned in to lean out the mixture. If the screws seem to have little or no effect on idle, you have either got a carburetor problem or a vacuum leak. The important thing to keep in mind about vacuum leaks is that they have the most noticeable effect at idle. At part and full throttle, there is so much air entering the engine that a little extra air from a vacuum leak has a negligible effect. TIP: If you have a scan tool, look at the Short Term Fuel Trim (STFT) and Long Term Fuel Trim (LTFT) values. Normal range is plus or minus 8. If the numbers are +10 or higher for STFT and LTFT, the engine is running LEAN. If you rev the engine to 1500 to 2000 rpm and hold it for a minute or so, and the STFT value drops back down to a more normal reading, it confirms the engine has a vacuum leak at idle. If the STFT value does not change much, the lean fuel condition is more likely a fuel delivery problem (weak fuel pump, restricted fuel filter, dirty fuel injectors or a leaky fuel pressure regulator) than a vacuum leak. For more information about using fuel trim to diagnose a lean fuel condition, read this article on Fuel Trim by Wells Manufacturing (PDF file, requires Adobe Acrobat to read). Before we get into the various techniques of finding and fixing vacuum leaks, let's quickly review vacuum's role in fuel delivery. WHY INTAKE VACUUM? Intake vacuum exists in the intake manifold as a result of the pumping action of the engine's pistons and the restriction created by the throttle valve. Were it not for the throttle choking off the flow of air into the engine, there would be little if any vacuum in the intake manifold (like a diesel). On older carbureted engines, vacuum is needed to pull fuel into the engine. Vacuum siphons fuel through the idle, main metering and power circuits. An engine with a vacuum leak, therefore, will likely be an engine that suffers from the symptoms of lean carburetion such as lean misfire, hesitation, stalling and rough idle. But the same symptoms can also be caused by a clogged catalytic converter or other exhaust restriction, a leaky EGR valve or valve timing problems (all of which reduce intake vacuum). On most engines, intake vacuum should be steady between 16 and 22 inches Hg (Mercury). A lower reading usually indicates a vacuum leak, or one of the other problems just mentioned. A reading that gradually drops while the engine is idling almost always points to an exhaust restriction. An oscillating vacuum reading usually indicates a leaky valve or badly worn valve guides that leak vacuum. Fuel injected engines do not require intake vacuum to siphon fuel into the engine because fuel is sprayed directly into the engine under pressure through the injectors. Even so, vacuum leaks can upset the carefully balanced air/fuel ratio by allowing "unmetered" air to enter the engine. The result is the same kind of driveability symptoms as a vacuum leak on a carbureted engine (lean misfire, hesitation when accelerating, rough idle and possibly even stalling). Common leak points include injector O-rings, intake manifold gaskets, idle air control circuit and the throttle shaft. Fuel injected engines also rely on intake vacuum to regulate the fuel pressure behind the injectors. Fuel delivery cannot be accurately metered unless a fairly constant pressure differential is maintained. So the fuel pressure regulator diaphragm is connected to a source of intake vacuum. Vacuum working against a spring-loaded diaphragm inside the regulator opens a bypass that shunts fuel back to the tank through a return line. This causes the fuel pressure in the injector rail to rise when engine load increases (and vacuum drops). Thus, the regulator uses vacuum to maintain fuel pressure and the correct air/fuel ratio. A vacuum leak changes the equation by causing a drop in vacuum and a corresponding increase in line pressure. MEASURING VACUUMVacuum is measured with a vacuum gauge. Most are calibrated in inches Hg (Mercury), but you may also see some gauges that are also calibrated in inches of H20 (water) or kilopascals (kPa) or even bars. One inch of vacuum measured in inches Hg equals 13.570 inches in H20, 0.4898 psi (pounds per square inch) or 3.377 kPa. Here's a conversion table you can use to convert units of measurement: From:To:kilopascal [kPa]newton/square meternewton/square centimeternewton/square millimeterbarmillibar [mbar]microbar [µbar]psi [psi]inch mercury (60°F) [inHg]inch water (60°F) [inAq] kilopascal [kPa]newton/square meternewton/square centimeternewton/square millimeterbarmillibar [mbar]microbar [µbar]psi [psi]inch mercury (60°F) [inHg]inch water (60°F) [inAq] Result:pressure conversion factors provided by unitconversion.org ENGINE VACUUM LEAK DETECTION Okay, now that we have covered what a vacuum leaks do, how do you find components that leak vacuum? One way is to visually inspect all the vacuum hoses and connections. Look for disconnected, loose or cracked hoses, broken fittings, etc. Hey, you might get lucky and find the problem in a few minutes, or you might waste half the day trying to find the mysterious leak. Vacuum leaks are often the elusive needle in a haystack. And if it is not a hose leaking vacuum but something else such as a gasket, worn throttle shaft, injector O-rings, etc., you may never find it using this technique. A faster technique for finding intake manifold vacuum leaks is to get a bottle of propane and attach a length of rubber hose to the gas valve. Open the valve so you have a steady flow of gas. Then hold the hose near suspected leak points while the engine is idling. If there is a leak, propane will be siphoned in through the leak. The resulting "correction" in the engine's air/fuel ratio should cause a noticeable change in idle speed and/or smoothness (Note: on engines with computerized idle speed control, disconnect the idle speed control motor first). Aerosol carburetor cleaner can also be used the same way. CAUTION: Solvent is extremely flammable, so do not smoke or use it if there are any sparks in the vicinity (arcing plug wires, for example). Spray the solvent on suspected leak points while the engine is idling. If there is a leak, the solvent will be drawn into the engine and have the same effect as the propane. The idle speed will suddenly change and smooth out. TIP: If you have a scan tool, look at the Short Term Fuel Trim (STFT) value while you are using carb cleaner or propane to check suspected vacuum leak points. If there is a leak and some of the cleaner or propane is sucked in through the leak, you will see a momentary drop in the STFT reading. This confirms you have found a leak (keep checking because there may be multiple leaks!). USING SMOKE TO FIND ENGINE VACUUM LEAKSA much safer technique is to use a smoke machine. These machines feed artificial smoke into the intake manifold, The smoke may also be mixed with an ultraviolet dye to make leaks easier to see. You then look for smoke seeping out of hoses, gaskets or cracks in the manifold and/or use a UV light to find the leak. This type of equipment is often needed to find small air leaks in the EVAP (evaporative emissions) control system. Smoke machines can cost $600 to $2000 or more depending on the model and features, so they are primarily for use by professional technicians. FINDING LEAKS WITH AN EXHAUST ANALYZER Propane can also be used in conjunction with an exhaust analyzer (do NOT use carburetor cleaner or you may damage your analyzer!). Engine vacuum leaks almost always cause fluctuating HC readings, so an infrared exhaust analyzer can (1) tell you if there is indeed a leak, and (2) where the leak is using the propane procedure. Two types of vacuum leaks can be diagnosed with an analyzer. The first kind is a general vacuum leak (PCV hose, brake booster, etc.) that leans out the mixture and causes a very low CO reading and only a slightly higher fluctuating HC reading. The O2 reading will also be high. The second kind of vacuum leak is a "point" leak that affects only one or two cylinders (a leaky manifold gasket or a crack or porosity leak in one of the manifold runners). This will be indicated by a normal or low CO reading combined with high fluctuating HC readings. O2 will again be high. To find a leak, feed propane at suspected leak points until you note an improvement in idle quality and/or a change in the HC/CO/O2 readings. When you have found the leak, the idle should smooth out, HC and O2 should drop and CO rise. It is important to note that an overly lean idle mixture will also cause a fluctuating HC reading the same as a vacuum leak. To tell one from the other, there is a simple "trick" you can use. Momentarily enrich the idle mixture to 1.5 to 2.0% CO by placing a clean shop rag over the top of the carburetor. If the engine smooths out and HC drops and remains stable, the problem is a lean idle mixture adjustment. If HC still fluctuates, however, the engine is still too lean in one or more cylinders indicating a vacuum leak. ELECTRONIC VACUUM LEAK DETECTION If you like gadgets, there are electronic tools designed to detect vacuum leaks. An electronic vacuum leak detector will beep or flash when it detects ultrasonic vibrations that are characteristic of a vacuum leak. These tools use a sensitive microphone to listen for certain noise frequencies. Though extremely sensitive, these tools sometimes react to tiny leaks that are not really causing a problem, or "false" leaks such as the noise created by arcing inside the distributor cap or normal bearing noise in the alternator. PRESSURE VACUUM LEAK DETECTION TECHNIQUESAnother way to find an elusive vacuum leak is to pressurize the intake manifold with about three lbs. of regulated air. This can be done by attaching a regulator to your shop air hose, then attaching the hose to a vacuum fitting or the PCV valve fitting on the intake manifold, carburetor or throttle body. Do not apply too much pressure or you may create new leaks! With the engine off and air flowing into the manifold, spray soapy water on suspected leaks. If you see bubbles, you have found the leak. You can also use the opposite technique, which is to apply vacuum with a hand-pump to various vacuum hoses and circuits to see if they hold vacuum. But this technique means tracing the entire circuit to see where it ends, and disconnecting and plugging any parts of the circuit that do not "dead end" against a diaphragm or valve. ENGINE VACUUM LEAK REPAIRS Okay, now you have found the leak. Here are some suggestions on how to fix it:* Leaky vacuum hoses Replace them. If the end of a hose is loose or cracked, cutting it off and sticking it back on may temporarily eliminate the leak. But if the hose is rotten or age hardened, it needs to be replaced. Shortening hoses may also create additional problems. The hose may chaff or rub against other components, or pull loose as a result of engine motion and vibration. Use the correct type of replacement hose (PVC hose or vacuum hose capable of withstanding fuel vapors and vacuum without collapsing). Also, be sure the replacement hose is the same diameter and length as the original. * Carburetor or throttle body base gasket vacuum leaks Try tightening down the carburetor or throttle body mounting bolts. If that doesn't stop the leak, replace the gasket under the carburetor or throttle body. If there is a heat insulator or adapter plate under the unit, it may also have to be replaced depending on its condition. While the carburetor or throttle body is off, use a straightedge to check the base for flatness (and the manifold, too). Warped surfaces can prevent a tight seal, so if you find any it calls for resurfacing or component replacement. * Carburetor or throttle body throttle shaft vacuum leaks Wear here can only be repaired by resleeving the throttle shaft, which for all practical purposes means replacing the carburetor or throttle body with a new or remanufactured unit. * Intake manifold gasket vacuum leaksTry retorquing the intake manifold bolts, working from the center out in the recommended tightening sequence. If that fails, the intake manifold will have to be removed and the intake gaskets replaced. Sometimes the mating surface of the intake manifold or the heads will not be flat (check both with a straightedge). If warped, the intake manifold and/or heads will have to be resurfaced on a milling machine. Another problem to watch out for here are heads that have been milled or resurfaced to raise compression. To maintain proper alignment between the manifold and heads, metal also needs to be machined off the bottom of the manifold where it mates with the block, otherwise it will sit to high and the ports and bolt holes won't align. * EGR valve leaks If the valve isn't closing all the way due to carbon deposits on the stem or valve seat, cleaning may be all that is needed to cure the problem. Otherwise, the engine will need a new EGR valve. * Leaky power brake booster Replace it. But first make sure it is the booster and not just the hose or check valve that is leaking.

Is there allowed intercourse with women slaves in Islam?

Answer 1Having slaves was very popular allover the world before Islam. Having intercourse with women slaves was also very popular allover the world before Islam. During the Islam era, Quran and Islam teachings followed lots of measure to limit slavery and prohibit it gradually. One of these measures was that if a Muslim performs intercourse with his slave woman then it should be with her satisfaction and acceptance (no rape is allowed in Islam) and if she gives birth due to this intercourse then she and her children become free.Answer 21. Misconception of Slavery in IslamNo, one is not allowed to have sex out of wedlock in Islam as per the Quran. Slavery was completely admonished and your servants are not slaves, they are free human beings. But still let's see if having an intercourse out of wedlock is allowed in the light of Quranic verses.I have done some research after praying to Allah for true guidance. I prayed if I was wrong to think the way I did, may Allah help me get to the truth or if I was right, may Allah help me spread the truth. I have never been able to document my research ever before but this time Allah made it simple for me to do it. I hope and pray that the below research will guide all those who are confused on the concept of slavery in Islam and all those who believe in it to re-think and read more to understand better.The method used for the research is fairly simple... first focus on Quran, then if required move to ahadith and so on as per the Islamic belief. Alhamdulillah there were plenty of proof against slavery in Quran itself. People who support slavery from Quran, ahadith and from work of scholars would Insha-Allah be convinced after going through the below from Quran. I have tried to keep the context of Surahs (taking multiple ayahs to not lose the meaning of it).The English translation of the Quranic verses is taken from the below website. May Allah be pleased with them. There are multiple translations available on this website to do comparison.Source: http://www.quranexplorer.com/quranSource: http://www.quran.comLets focus on Quran first.1.1 Proof from QuranThe reason why I chose Quran first is that people support the concept of slavery from many ayahs stating "what your right hand possess". No doubt about it. Quran was revealed at a time of extreme ignorance, where burying your daughters alive was acceptable, where son would marry the wives of their father, people who had money and power would have 100s of slaves men and women and having limitless wives was a norm of the society (who could afford it). According to the customs of that ignorant period, sex or prostitution using the slave girls was allowed and acceptable. Another argument that people make is that no Nikah is required to have extra marital relations with a slave woman. Plus people do believe there is no contradiction is Quran... then how can something like this be mentioned as allowed in one place and not allowed in another place. The answer is fairly simple for those to seek guidance. Quran was revealed to Hazrat Muhammad PBUH in 23 years. Allah knew that changing the customs of any society takes years and hence slow and steady approach was taken. In Appendix A and B at the end of this article, the chronological order of the surahs as they were revealed to our beloved prophet (PBUH) has been mentioned. So the later the Surah was revealed, it would be closer to the Islam as it was finalized (remember the last Khutba of our Prophet PBUH) at the time of last Hajj of our prophet PBUH. Hence it is logical to assume that Ayahs which were revealed in Madina will hold more value when a conflict arises within Quran. 1.1.1 Al-Mumtahina (She Who is Tested) verse 10 (revealed in Madinah)O you who believe! When believing women come to you as emigrants, examine them, Allah knows best as to their Faith, then if you ascertain that they are true believers, send them not back to the disbelievers, they are not lawful (wives) for the disbelievers nor are the disbelievers lawful (husbands) for them. But give the disbelievers that (amount of money) which they have spent [as their Mahr] to them. And there will be no sin on you to marry them if you have paid their Mahr to them. Likewise hold not the disbelieving women as wives, and ask for (the return of) that which you have spent (as Mahr) and let them (the disbelievers, etc.) ask back for that which they have spent. That is the Judgement of Allah. He judges between you. And Allah is All-Knowing, All-Wise. (10)Commentary: There is ahadith to support that Hazrat Muhammad PBUH would free the captives after a ransom. Another option mentioned is to marry the believing captives (emphasis is on marriage and giving of mahr) if they belong to the unbelievers. Because once a woman accepts Islam, she cannot marry a non believer. However it mentions to return the non believing women to their men as they have spent on them. It does not say to keep them captives and make them slave women.For me even this one particular ayah was enough proof. But I have found many more for people who still are not convinced.1.1.2Al-Nisa (Women ) verse 3 (revealed in Madinah)This verse is by far the most talked about verse and interpreted in various ways to make slavery acceptable. And if ye fear that ye will not deal fairly by the orphans, marry of the women, who seem good to you, two or three or four; and if ye fear that ye cannot do justice (to so many) then one (only) or (the captives) that your right hands possess. Thus it is more likely that ye will not do injustice. (3)Commentary: The verse is emphasizing marriage, to upto 4 women and in case one cannot do justice, then only one. It says marry the women who seem good to you OR marry captives (also see verse 25 of Surah-e-Nisa below), but the focus is still marriage in this verse. It also mentions CLEARLY that men will most likely be unjust if they have 2,3 or 4 wives.1.1.3Al-Nisa (Women ) verse 19 (revealed in Madinah)O you who believe! You are forbidden to inherit women against their will, and you should not treat them with harshness, that you may take away part of the Mahr[] you have given them, unless they commit open illegal sexual intercourse. And live with them honourably. If you dislike them, it may be that you dislike a thing and Allâh brings through it a great deal of good. (19)Commentary: Muslims are forbidden to inherit women against their will. This is general for all women.... so there is no concept of slavery. It does not say FREE women.1.1.4 Al-Nisa (Women ) verse 24 - 27 (revealed in Madinah)Verse 23 talks about which women are lawful and which are not. Then it continues on the same topic: Also (forbidden are) women already married, except those (slaves) whom your right hands possess. Thus has Allâh ordained for you. All others are lawful, provided you seek (them in marriage) with Mahr (bridal - money given by the husband to his wife at the time of marriage) from your property, desiring chastity, not committing illegal sexual intercourse, so with those of whom you have enjoyed sexual relations, give them their Mahr as prescribed; but if after a Mahr is prescribed, you agree mutually (to give more), there is no sin on you. Surely, Allâh is Ever All¬Knowing, All¬Wise (24)Commentary: It says that Muslim men are allowed to marry slave women. Nothing MORE! It continues that provided to seek them in marriage with Mahr (mahr is linked to Nikah). Its telling Muslims that if you have had sex with any of the allowed women then marry them (saying give mahr and mahr comes with Nikah). The emphasis is still on MARRIAGE which by far is the BASIS of an Islamic society or for that matter any society.And whoever of you have not the means wherewith to wed free, believing women, they may wed believing girls from among those (slaves) whom your right hands possess, and Allâh has full knowledge about your Faith, you are one from another. Wed them with the permission of their own folk (guardians, Auliyâ' or masters) and give them their Mahr according to what is reasonable; they (the above said captive and slave-girls) should be chaste, not adulterous, nor taking boy-friends. And after they have been taken in wedlock, if they commit illegal sexual intercourse, their punishment is half that for free (unmarried) women.[] This is for him among you who is afraid of being harmed in his religion or in his body; but it is better for you that you practise self¬restraint, and Allâh is Oft¬Forgiving, Most Merciful (25)Commentary: Now another very important verse which relates to whether sex is allowed with slave women or not. I would like to remind the readers that first proof from Quran already does not support slavery and slaves should either be returned to their own people or if they become believers, then Muslims can MARRY them. Emphasis on marriage is there or sending them to their own people. There are ahadith to support that at that time they would free slaves on payment of some ransom e.g. teaching the children or camels etc.This verse says that Muslims who can't find or afford to marry free women, they can marry women slaves. Let me re-iterate, it says marry them. It does not end there, it says marry them with the permission of their folks and give them their mahr (again linked to Nikah). It further mentions that the slave girl should be chaste and not adulterous. Further it mentions that this provision is for those who are afraid to commit sin but it says that it is better if you practice SELF CONSTRAINT. Clearly this verse is about free men who have slave girls. If sex was allowed then there was no need of this verse.If sex was allowed with slave girls... above situation would never arise. Only reason above situation arises is because sex with slave girls is not allowed.Allâh wishes to make clear (what is lawful and what is unlawful) to you, and to show you the ways of those before you, and accept your repentance, and Allâh is All¬Knower, All¬Wise. (26)Allâh wishes to accept your repentance, but those who follow their lusts, wish that you (believers) should deviate tremendously away (from the Right Path). (27)Commentary: Allah will accept the repentance of everyone except those who follow their lust. And I have read articles proving that Islam allows 100s of concubines for Muslim men, Astaghfirullah! I pray to Allah almighty that we all get guidance. Amen!1.1.5 Al-Nisa (Women ) verse 129 - 130 (revealed in Madinah)You will never be able to do perfect justice between wives even if it is your ardent desire, so do not incline too much to one of them (by giving her more of your time and provision) so as to leave the other hanging (i.e. neither divorced nor married). And if you do justice, and do all that is right and fear Allâh by keeping away from all that is wrong, then Allâh is Ever Oft¬Forgiving, Most Merciful. (129)But if they separate (by divorce), Allâh will provide abundance for everyone of them from His Bounty. And Allâh is Ever All¬Sufficient for His creatures' need, All¬Wise. (130)Commentary: Allah says that Muslim men can't do justice with more than one wife, even if they try their best. So if they separate by divorce, Allah will provide to both. Again emphasizing on One wife. Allah hates divorce and it is the most undesirable thing in the eyes of Allah. Despite that Allah knows about the injustice a woman can go through while not being the only wife. So Allah promises to provide abundance if the couple decides to separate ways. I should mention a Hadith which tells us that Hazrat Ali wanted to do a second wife and our prophet PBUH told Hazrat Ali that whoever makes my daughter (part of me) unhappy makes me unhappy and he stopped him from getting married (despite it being a lawful thing). This means Hazrat Muhammad PBUH knew it is a painful thing for a wife. This is also a sunnat of Hazrat Muhammad PBUH.1.1.6 An-Nur Verse 32And marry those among you who are single (i.e. a man who has no wife and the woman who has no husband) and (also marry) the Salihun (pious, fit and capable ones) of your (male) slaves and maid-servants (female slaves). If they be poor, Allah will enrich them out of His Bounty. And Allah is All-Sufficent for His creatures' needs, All-Knowing (about the state of the people).(32)Commentary: Clearly the direction is to get married to men/women who are single or you can also marry slaves. But the emphasis is on marriage again.1.1.7 Al-Maeda (The Food ) verse 3-5 (revealed in Madinah - 3rd last surah)Forbidden unto you (for food) are carrion and blood and swine-flesh, and that which hath been dedicated unto any other than Allah, and the strangled, and the dead through beating, and the dead through falling from a height, and that which hath been killed by (the goring of) horns, and the devoured of wild beasts, saving that which ye make lawful (by the death-stroke), and that which hath been immolated unto idols. And (forbidden is it) that ye swear by the divining arrows. This is an abomination. This day are those who disbelieve in despair of (ever harming) your religion; so fear them not, fear Me! This day have I perfected your religion for you and completed My favour unto you, and have chosen for you as religion AL-ISLAM. Whoso is forced by hunger, not by will, to sin: (for him) lo! Allah is Forgiving, Merciful. (3)They ask thee (O Muhammad) what is made lawful for them. Say: (all) good things are made lawful for you. And those beasts and birds of prey which ye have trained as hounds are trained, ye teach them that which Allah taught you; so eat of that which they catch for you and mention Allah's name upon it, and observe your duty to Allah. Lo! Allah is swift to take account. (4)This day are (all) good things made lawful for you. The food of those who have received the Scripture is lawful for you, and your food is lawful for them. And so are the virtuous women of the believers and the virtuous women of those who received the Scripture before you (lawful for you) when ye give them their marriage portions and live with them in honour, not in fornication, nor taking them as secret concubines. Whoso denieth the faith, his work is vain and he will be among the losers in the Hereafter. (5)Commentary: Surah Maeda talks about what is lawful and what is not. 3rd and 4th are mentioned for the context. 5th clearly mentions that virtuous women of the believers and of those who received scriptures before you are lawful for you (no mention of free vs. slave, meaning the concept of slavery was admonished). Verse also emphasizes marriage and rejects concubinage. Alhamdolillah it is clear that Allah cannot be unjust to women.I researched about the mention of women whom your right hand possesses in the only 2 surahs which were revealved after Surah-e-Maeda and there is no mention of it. So what surah-e-Maeda states is final revelation about women, marriage and concubinage.1.3 Proof from HadithAlthough I think there can be misinterpretation in ahadith but still for people who rely on them strongly I am mentioning them with reference. 1.3.1_Bukhari_::_Book_3_::_Volume_46_::_Hadith_720">1.3.1Bukhari :: Book 3 :: Volume 46 :: Hadith 720Narrated Abu Musa: Allah's Apostle said, "He who has a slave-girl and educates and treats her nicely and then manumits and marries her, will get a double reward."1.3.2_Bukhari_::_Book_7_::_Volume_62_::_Hadith_81">1.3.2Bukhari :: Book 7 :: Volume 62 :: Hadith 81Narrated 'Uqba: The Prophet said: "The stipulations most entitled to be abided by are those with which you are given the right to enjoy the (women's) private parts (i.e. the stipulations of the marriage contract)."1.3.3_Bukhari_::_Book_3_::_Volume_46_::_Hadith_728">1.3.3Bukhari :: Book 3 :: Volume 46 :: Hadith 728Narrated Abu Huraira: The Prophet said, "You should not say, 'Feed your lord (Rabbaka), help your lord in performing ablution, or give water to your lord, but should say, 'my master (e.g. Feed your master instead of lord etc.) (Saiyidi), or my guardian (Maulai), and one should not say, my slave (Abdi), or my girl-slave (Amati), but should say, my lad (Fatai), my lass (Fatati), and 'my boy (Ghulami)."1.3.4_Bukhari_::_Book_7_::_Volume_62_::_Hadith_3">1.3.4Bukhari :: Book 7 :: Volume 62 :: Hadith 3Narrated 'Alqama: While I was with Abdullah, 'Uthman met him at Mina and said, "O Abu 'Abdur-Rahman ! I have something to say to you." So both of them went aside and 'Uthman said, "O Abu 'Abdur-Rah. man! Shall we marry you to a virgin who will make you remember your past days?" When 'Abdullah felt that he was not in need of that, he beckoned me (to join him) saying, "O 'Alqama!" Then I heard him saying (in reply to 'Uthman), "As you have said that, (I tell you that) the Prophet once said to us, 'O young people! Whoever among you is able to marry, should marry, and whoever is not able to marry, is recommended to fast, as fasting diminishes his sexual power.1.3.5_Bukhari_::_Book_7_::_Volume_62_::_Hadith_4">1.3.5Bukhari :: Book 7 :: Volume 62 :: Hadith 4Narrated 'Abdullah: We were with the Prophet while we were young and had no wealth whatever. So Allah's Apostle said, "O young people! Whoever among you can marry, should marry, because it helps him lower his gaze and guard his modesty (i.e. his private parts from committing illegal sexual intercourse etc.), and whoever is not able to marry, should fast, as fasting diminishes his sexual power."1.3.6_Bukhari_::_Book_7_::_Volume_62_::_Hadith_9">1.3.6Bukhari :: Book 7 :: Volume 62 :: Hadith 9Narrated Ibn Masud: We used to fight in the holy battles in the company of the Prophet and we had no wives with us. So we said, "O Allah's Apostle! Shall we get castrated?" The Prophet forbade us to do so.1.3.7_Bukhari_::_Book_7_::_Volume_62_::_Hadith_50">1.3.7Bukhari :: Book 7 :: Volume 62 :: Hadith 50Narrated 'Ali: I said to Ibn 'Abbas, "During the battle of Khaibar the Prophet forbade (Nikah) Al-Mut'a and the eating of donkey's meat."1.3.8_Bukhari_::_Book_7_::_Volume_62_::_Hadith_52">1.3.8Bukhari :: Book 7 :: Volume 62 :: Hadith 52Narrated Jabir bin 'Abdullah and Salama bin Al-Akwa': While we were in an army, Allah's Apostle came to us and said, "You have been allowed to do the Mut'a (marriage), so do it." Salama bin Al-Akwa' said: Allah's Apostle's said, "If a man and a woman agree (to marry temporarily), their marriage should last for three nights, and if they like to continue, they can do so; and if they want to separate, they can do so." I do not know whether that was only for us or for all the people in general. Abu Abdullah (Al-Bukhari) said: 'Ali made it clear that the Prophet said, "The Mut'a marriage has been cancelled (made unlawful)."1.3.9_Bukhari_::_Book_7_::_Volume_62_::_Hadith_103">1.3.9Bukhari :: Book 7 :: Volume 62 :: Hadith 103Narrated Abu Musa: The Prophet said, "Set the captives free, accept the invitation (to a wedding banquet), and visit the patients."1.3.10_Bukhari_::_Book_7_::_Volume_62_::_Hadith_157">1.3.10Bukhari :: Book 7 :: Volume 62 :: Hadith 157Narrated Al-Miswar bin Makhrama: I heard Allah's Apostle who was on the pulpit, saying, "Banu Hisham bin Al-Mughira have requested me to allow them to marry their daughter to Ali bin Abu Talib, but I don't give permission, and will not give permission unless 'Ali bin Abi Talib divorces my daughter in order to marry their daughter, because Fatima is a part of my body, and I hate what she hates to see, and what hurts her, hurts me."1.3.11_Bukhari_::_Book_5_::_Volume_57_::_Hadith_76">1.3.11Bukhari :: Book 5 :: Volume 57 :: Hadith 76Narrated Al-Miswar bin Makhrama: 'Ali demanded the hand of the daughter of Abu Jahl. Fatima heard of this and went to Allah's Apostle saying, "Your people think that you do not become angry for the sake of your daughters as 'Ali is now going to marry the daughter of Abu Jahl. "On that Allah's Apostle got up and after his recitation of Tashah-hud. I heard him saying, "Then after! I married one of my daughters to Abu Al-'As bin Al-Rabi' (the husband of Zainab, the daughter of the Prophet ) before Islam and he proved truthful in whatever he said to me. No doubt, Fatima is a part of me, I hate to see her being troubled. By Allah, the daughter of Allah's Apostle and the daughter of Allah's Enemy cannot be the wives of one man." So 'Ali gave up that engagement.'Al-Miswar further said: I heard the Prophet talking and he mentioned a son-in-law of his belonging to the tribe of Bani 'Abd-Shams. He highly praised him concerning that relationship and said (whenever) he spoke to me, he spoke the truth, and whenever he promised me, he fulfilled his promise."1.3.12_Bukhari_::_Book_7_::_Volume_62_::_Hadith_160">1.3.12Bukhari :: Book 7 :: Volume 62 :: Hadith 160Narrated Ibn 'Abbas : The Prophet said, "No man should stay with a lady in seclusion except in the presence of a Dhu-Muhram." A man stood up and said, "O Allah's Apostle! My wife has gone out intending to perform the Hajj and I have been enrolled (in the army) for such-and-such campaign." The Prophet said, "Return and perform the Hajj with your wife."1.3.13_Dawud_::_Book_11_:_Hadith_2046">1.3.13Dawud :: Book 11 : Hadith 2046Narrated Abdullah ibn Amr ibn al-'As: Marthad ibn AbuMarthad al-Ghanawi used to take prisoners (of war) from Mecca (to Medina). At Mecca there was a prostitute called Inaq who had illicit relations with him. (Marthad said:) I came to the Prophet (peace_be_upon_him) and said to him: May I marry Inaq, Apostle of Allah? The narrator said: He kept silence towards me. Then the verse was revealed:"....and the adulteress none shall marry save and adulterer or an idolater." He called me and recited this (verse) to me, and said: Do not marry her.1.3.14_Dawud_::_Book_11_:_Hadith_2068">1.3.14Dawud :: Book 11 : Hadith 2068Narrated Saburah ibn Ma'bad al-Juhani: The Apostle of Allah (peace_be_upon_him) prohibited temporary marriage with women.1.3.15_Dawud_::_Book_11_:_Hadith_2078">1.3.15Dawud :: Book 11 : Hadith 2078Narrated Aisha, Ummul Mu'minin: The Apostle of Allah (peace_be_upon_him) said: The marriage of a woman who marries without the consent of her guardians is void. (He said these words) three times. If there is cohabitation, she gets her dower for the intercourse her husband has had. If there is a dispute, the sultan (man in authority) is the guardian of one who has none.1.3.16_Dawud_::_Book_11_:_Hadith_2080">1.3.16Dawud :: Book 11 : Hadith 2080Narrated AbuMusa: The Prophet (peace_be_upon_him) said: There is no marriage without the permission of a guardian.1.3.17_Bukhari_::_Book_7_::_Volume_62_::_Hadith_61">1.3.17Bukhari :: Book 7 :: Volume 62 :: Hadith 61Narrated Al-Hasan: concerning the Verse: 'Do not prevent them' (2.232) Ma'qil bin Yasar told me that it was revealed in his connection. He said, "I married my sister to a man and he divorced her, and when her days of 'Idda (three menstrual periods) were over, the man came again and asked for her hand, but I said to him, 'I married her to you and made her your bed (your wife) and favored you with her, but you divorced her. Now you come to ask for her hand again? No, by Allah, she will never go back to you (again)!' That man was not a bad man and his wife wanted to go back to him. So Allah revealed this Verse: 'Do not prevent them.' (2.232) So I said, 'Now I will do it (let her go back to him), O Allah's Apostle."So he married her to him again.1.3.18_Dawud_::_Book_11_:_Hadith_2071">1.3.18Dawud :: Book 11 : Hadith 2071Narrated Ali ibn AbuTalib: (The narrator Isma'il said: I think ash-Sha'bi attributed this tradition to the Prophet)The Prophet (peace_be_upon_him) said: Curse be upon the one who marries a divorced woman with the intention of making her lawful for her former husband and upon the one for whom she is made lawful.1.4 Proof from Other SourcesSource: http://www.renaissance.com.pk/aprq12y2.HTML I read this question, which relates to ahadith regarding the abomination of slavery. I found it to be quite balanced as per what I read in Quran and Hadith.Question: I am a Captain in the Pakistan army and would like to know if can we have sexual relations with the women we are able to capture in wars? I have heard that in one of the wars during the time of the Prophet (sws), the whole Muslim army raped slave women offered to them provided that they practiced 'Azal (coitus interruptus).Answer: Well I am afraid you cannot do so. Since the question you have raised is an important one. I'll give you a detailed answer:In my opinion, among many other misconceptions about Islam is the notion that it gives sanction to slavery and permits its followers to enslave prisoners of war, particularly women and establish extra-marital relations with them. Islam, I must strongly affirm, has not the slightest link with slavery and concubinage. On the contrary, it completely forbids these practices. It is quite outrageous to associate such barbarities with a religion revealed to upgrade humanity.The point which needs to be appreciated and which, perhaps, is the real cause of the misconception is that Islam had adopted a gradual process to abolish the institution of slavery because of the social conditions prevalent in Arabia at that time. It must be kept in mind that slavery was an integral part of the pre-Islamic Arab society. There were scores of slave men and women in almost every house. This was largely due to two reasons: First, during those times, the standard practice of dispensing with prisoners of war was to distribute them among the army who captured them. Second, there were extensive slave markets in Arabia in that period where free as well as men and women of all ages were sold like animals.In these circumstances, in which slavery had become an essential constituent of the Arab society, Islam adopted a gradual way to eliminate it. An immediate order of prohibition would have created immense social and economic problems. It would have become impossible for the society to cater for the needs of a large army of slaves, who were, otherwise, dependent on various families. Also, the national treasury was in no position to provide them all on a permanent basis. A large number among them were old and incapable of supporting themselves. The only alternative left for them, if they were instantly freed, would have been to turn to beggary and become an economic burden for the society. The question of slave girls and women was even more critical, keeping in view their own low moral standards. Freeing them, all of a sudden, would have only resulted in a tremendous increase in brothels.Perhaps, the reason behind this gradual eradication can be understood better if one considers the position which interest occupies in the economy of Pakistan today. No one can refute Pakistan's national economic structure is interest oriented. How the parasite of interest has crippled the national economy is apparent to every keen eye. However, there is no denying the fact that without it our present economic system cannot sustain itself. Every reasonable person will acknowledge that today if a government wishes to rid the economy from this menace then, in spite of its utter prohibition in Islam, it will have to adopt a gradual methodology. During this interim period interest oriented deals will have to be tolerated and temporary laws will have to be enacted to handle them, just as the Qur'an had given certain provisional directives about slaves during the interim period of their gradual eradication. An alternative economic framework will have to be steadily incorporated in place of the existing one. A sudden abolition, without another parallel base, will only hasten the total collapse of the economic system, which, of course, will be disastrous for the country.To avert a similar disaster and to ward off a similar catastrophe, Islam had adopted a progressive and a gradual scheme, fourteen hundred years ago, to do away with the inhuman institution of slavery. Following are some of the measures it took in this regard:1. In the early Makkan period, it pronounced that slave emancipation was a great deed of piety. The very initial Makkan surahs appealed to the Muslims to liberate as many slaves as they could.2. The Prophet (sws), unequivocally, directed the Muslims to raise the standard of living of the slaves and bring it equal to their own standard. This, of course, was meant to discourage people from persisting with them.3. For the atonement of many sins manumission of slaves was divinely ordained.4. All slave men and women who could support themselves in the society were directed to marry one another, in order to raise their moral and social status.5. A permanent head in the public treasury was fixed to set free slave men and women.6. Prostitution, which was largely carried out through slave women, who were mostly forced by their masters do so, was totally prohibited.7. The affronting names of 'abd (slave-man) and amah (slave-woman) by which slave men and women were called, were abrogated so that people should stop regarding them as slaves. In their place, the words fata (boy) and fatat (girl) were introduced.8. Finally, the law of mukatibat provided very easy access for the slaves to the gateway to freedom. Every slave who was capable of supporting himself was allowed by law to free himself, provided that he either gave a certain monetary amount to his master or carried out certain errands for him. After this, he could live as a free man. A special head in the treasury was fixed for this purpose; also, wealthy people were urged to help the slaves in this regard. The net result of this law was that only handicapped and old slaves were left to be provided for by their masters, which not only went in their own favour but also prevented them from becoming an economic burden on the society.As far as the war you have referred to, let me correct you on your information.In the battle of Bani Mustaliq, the prisoners captured were either freed in the battlefield as a favour while some others were freed on ransom. The Prophet (sws) brought the remaining prisoners to Madinah and while waiting for their families to procure them, gave them into the temporary custody of his Companions (rta). Since at that time, the prohibition of slavery was passing through the interim period when it was still intact for reasons stated earlier, the Prophet (sws) accepted the right of masters to have sexual intercourse with the slave women as was the international law at that time but set about taking steps that could prevent this from actually happening. Let me explain the most important measure he adopted:Among the prisoners of this battle was Sayyidah Jawayriyyah as well. Her father arrived with some camels as ransom. The Prophet (sws) inquired about the two well-bred camels he had hid behind. This astounded him so much - for he knew that there could be no way that the Prophet (sws) could have had knowledge of them - that he accepted faith. At this, Sayyidah Jawayriyyah also accepted faith. The Prophet (sws) proposed for her to which her father consented. Upon this, the marriage was solemnized. The result of this marriage was that all the remaining prisoners of war were set free by the Muslim soldiers, since they thought that it was not appropriate to keep the Prophet's in-laws in captivity.So actually no such instance of sexual intercourse with the slave women took place. It is totally wrong that they were raped. Also today as far as prisoners of was are concerned, they cannot be taken to be slaves and sexually benefited from. After the abolition of slavery that took place in the time of the Prophet (sws) as described above, no one dare maltreat a p.o.w. let alone sexually harass them.1.6 Appendix A: Chronological Order of the Meccan SurahsSource: http://www.bombaxo.com/chronsurs.HTML The following table presents the Meccan Surahs in chronological order. Please note that somewhatunorthodox transliteration is due to font limitations for web pages. I think it will still make sense.The columns for the first two tables are: Surah number in the Quran, transliteration of Quranic title,translation of title, and a column of notes describing any exception to that chronological placement, etc.Surah no. in quranQuranic Title of SurahTranalation of TitleAny Exception96al-`AlaqThe Clot68al-QalamThe Penexcept 17-33, 48-50, from Medinah73al-MuzammilThe Mantled Oneexcept for 73.10-11, 20, from Medinah74al-MuddaththirThe Clothed One1al-FātiĥahThe Opening111al-LahabThe Flame81at-TakwīrThe Cessation87al-A`lāThe Most High92al-LaylThe Night89al-FajrThe Dawn93aď-ĎuĥāThe Early Hours94al-InshirāĥThe Expansion103al-`AşrTime100al-`ĀdiyātThe Assaulters108al-KautharAbundance102at-TakāthurWorldly Gain107al-Mā`ūnThe Daily Necessariesonly 1-3; rest from Medinah109al-KāfirūnThe Unbelievers105al-FīlThe Elephant113al-FalaqThe Daybreak114an-NāsThe Men112al-IkhlāşThe Unity53an-NajmThe Starexcept 32, from Medinah80`AbasaHe Frowned97al-qadrThe Majesty91ash-ShamsThe Sun85al-BurūjThe Constellations95at-TinThe Fig106al-QurayshThe Quraish101al-Qāri`ahThe Terrible Calamity75al-QiyāmahThe Resurrection104al-HumazahThe Slanderer77al-MursalātThe Emissariesexcept 48, from Medinah50QāfQafexcept 38, from Medinah90al-BaladThe City86aţ-ŢāriqThe Night-Comer54al-QamarThe Moonexcept 44, 45, 46, from Medinah38ŞādSad7al-A`rāfThe Elevated Placesexcept 163-170, from Medinah72al-JinnThe Jinn36Yā SīnYa Sinexcept 45, from Medinah25al-FurqānThe Criterionexcept 68, 69, 70, from Medinah35al-FāţirThe Creator19MaryamMaryexcept 58, 71, from Medinah20Ţā HāTa Haexcept 130, 131, from Medinah56al-Wāqi`ahThat Which is Comingexcept 81, 82, from Medinah26ash-Shu`arā'The Poetsexcept 197 and 224-end, from Medinah27an-NamlThe Ant28al-QaşaşThe Narrativeexcept 52-55 from Medinah and 85 from Juhfah at the time of the Hijrah17Banī Isrā'īl(or al-Isrā')The Israelites(or The Night Journey)except 26, 32, 33, 57, 73-80, from Medinah10YūnusJonahexcept 40, 94, 95, 96, from Medinah11HūdHudexcept 12, 17, 114, from Medinah12YūsufJosephexcept 1, 2, 3, 7, from Medinah15al-ĤijrThe Rockexcept 87, from Medinah6al-An`āmThe Cattleexcept 20, 23, 91, 93, 114, 151, 152, 153, from Medinah37aş-ŞāffātThe Rangers31LuqmānLukmanexcept 27-29, from Medinah34Saba'Sheba39AZ-ZumarThe Companies40al-Mu'minThe Forgiving Oneexcept 56, 57, from Medinah41Ĥā Mim SajdahRevelations Well Expounded42ash-ShūrāThe Counselexcept 23, 24, 25, 27, from Medinah43AZ-ZukhrufThe Embellishmentexcept 54, from Medinah44ad-DukhānThe Evident Smoke45al-JāthiyahThe Kneelingexcept 14, from Medinah46al-AĥqāfThe Sandhillsexcept 10, 15, 35, from Medinah51adh-DhāriyātThe Scatterers88al-GhāshiyahThe Overwhelming Calamity18al-KahfThe Caveexcept 28, 83-101, from Medinah16an-NaĥlThe Beeexcept last three verses 126-128, from Medinah71NūĥNoah14IbrāhīmAbrahamexcept 28, 29, from Medinah21al-Anbiyā'The Prophets23al-Mu'minūnThe Believers32as-SajdahThe Adorationexcept 16-20, from Medinah52aţ-ŢūrThe Mountain67al-MulkThe Kingdom69al-ĤāqqahThe Inevitable70al-Ma`ārijThe Ladders78an-Naba'The Tidings79an-Nāzi`ātThose Who Pull Out82al-InfiţārThe Cleaving Asunder84al-InshiqāqThe Rending30ar-RūmThe Romansexcept 17, from Medinah29al-`AnkabūtThe Spiderexcept 1-11, from Medinah83at-TaţfīfThe Defrauderslast from Mecca1.7 Appendix B: Chronological Order of the Surahs from MedinahSurah no. in quranQuranic Title of SurahTranalation of TitleAny Exception2al-BaqarahThe Cowexcept 281 from Mina at the time of the Last Hajj8al-AnfālThe Spoils Of Warexcept 30-36 from Mecca3āl-ImrānThe Family Of Imran33al-AĥzābThe Allies60al-MumtaĥanahShe Who is Tested4an-Nisā'Women99al-ZilzālThe Shaking57al-ĤadidThe Iron47MuĥammadMuhammadexcept 13, from during the Hijrah13ar-Ra`dThe Thunder55ar-RaĥmānThe Merciful76ad-DahrThe Man65aţ-ŢalāqThe Divorce98al-BayyinahThe Proof59al-ĤashrThe Exile24an-NūrThe Light22al-ĤajjThe Pilgrimageexcept 52-55, from between Mecca and Medinah63al-MunāfiqūnThe Hypocrites58al-MujādilahShe Who Pleaded49al-ĤujurātThe Chambers66at-TaĥrīmThe Prohibition64at-TaghābunThe Cheating61aş-ŞaffThe Ranks62al-Jumu`ahThe Day of Congregation48al-FatĥThe Victorywhile returning from Hudaybiyyah5al-Mā'idahThe Foodexcept 3, from Arafat on Last Hajj9at-TaubahRepentanceexcept last two verses from Mecca110an-NaşrThe Helplast one, from Mina on Last Hajj

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