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Mass divided by volume gives the density of an object.
An object's mass divided by its volume gives you a measure of the object's density.
The object has mass, and the force of gravity gives that object weight, which is mass in a gravimetric field.
it doesn't the Earth's mass is what gives Earth gravity not the Sun
Yes, the acceleration of gravity times the mass of the object gives a force that is the weight.
An object with a greater mass needs more force. Mass is what gives an object resistance to acceleration. Newton's Third Law: force = mass x acceleration, or acceleration = force / mass.
You might call it that; though the term "quantity of matter" is also used for the number of moles. Mass is what gives objects inertia - making it difficult to speed a moving object up, or to slow it down. Mass also gives an object weight in a gravitational field (weight = mass x gravity).
Mass of an object influences the force of gravity on it.
The "mass" is what is sometimes called (quite informally) the "amount of matter". To be a bit more precise, the mass is what gives an object inertia (the more mass an object has, the harder it is to change its velocity - read about "Newton's Second Law" for more details), as well as gravitational attraction (for example, on Earth, an object's weight is proportional to its mass).
mass multiplied by velocity gives momentum.
First you get the object mass by weighing it.Then you get its volume by immersing it in a scaled water container and see the increase in water volume which gives the object volume.Then you divide the mass by the volume to get the object density.
Just use Newton's Second Law. That is, divide the force by the acceleration.