Due Process of law under the Fifth Amendment.
Indictment
.... is called an "indictment."
Businesses the federal government runs are called government corporations.
.... it is known as a 'True Bill of Indictment.' Indictment by a grand jury is the manner in which the government charges individuals with commission of a crime. The prosecutor presents proofs before the members of the Grand Jury to convince them that sufficient evidence exists to charge an individual with a crime. If the Grand Jury agrees that the individual should be so charged it issues a written statement making the charges. The statement is called an indictment.
The legislative branch of the federal government is called the Congress.
arraignment
Writ of habeus corpus.
This is commonly called federalism.
The head of Germany's government is called the Federal Chancellor, or just Chancellor.
A call before a court to answer an indictment is typically referred to as an arraignment. During the arraignment, the defendant is formally notified of the charges against them and is required to enter a plea of guilty or not guilty.
a federal government system
Federalism. The system that divides power between the national government and the state government is called the "Federal System."