That is a total eclipse of the sun.
it is called and orbit
It is called a solar eclipse when the Moon's shadow hits Earth, and a lunar eclipse when Earth's shadow hits the Moon.
Aeroplanes DO cast shadows on earth, I have seen many. They are usually easier to see from the air.
when someone goes around the world
Shadows are all about the Earth's rotation. As the Earth rotates throughout the day, the relative positions of the sun and Earth change. The sun is the primary light source for shadows, and if the light source is changing positions (this is relative to earth), then the shadows will change.
It is a drawing of the earth on a flat surface
full moon
When the moon is completely lit up, it is called a full moon. This occurs when the Earth is between the sun and the moon, causing the moon's entire sunlit side to be visible from Earth.
In a completely dark room, there is no light to create shadows. Shadows are formed when an object blocks light from a source, so in the absence of light, there are no shadows visible.
That the Earth is basically shaped like a ball.
yes
Rotation as such doesn't cause shadows. What causes shadows is when there's something blocking the way between a Surface and a light source.