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Anhydrous simply means 'without water'. The opposite is a hydrated substance, in which salt crystals contain water as an integral part of the crystal.

For example, anhydrous cobalt(II) chloride, CoCl2, is a blue powder. Add water and you form cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate, CoCl2.6H2O, which is a pink colour. Anhydrous cobalt chloride can be used to test for the presence of water because of this dramatic colour change.

In addition, hydrated copper(II) sulfate, CuSO4.5H2O, forms bright blue crystals. Heating them drives off the water of crystallisation and anhydrous CuSO4, a grey/white powder, is formed. Adding water will reform a blue solution of the hydrated salt.

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