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Parameter passing is where we call a function with arguments. A parameter is simply another name for an argument.

Examples:

void f (void); // no arguments expected

void g (int); // one argument expected

void h (int, int=2); // two arguments expected (second argument is optional, defaulting to 2)

f (); // ok

f (1); // error -- no argument expected

g (); // error -- one argument expected

g (2); // ok

g (0, 1); // error -- too many arguments

h (); // error -- at least one argument expected

h (4); // ok -- invokes h (4, 2)

h (4, 5); // ok

h (4, 5, 6); // error -- too many arguments

Arguments specified by a function are known as formal arguments. Arguments passed to the function are known as actual arguments. The actual arguments are always passed to the function by value unless the formal argument is a reference in which case the address of the actual argument is passed. If the formal argument is a pointer, it is passed by value. However, given that pointer values are memory address, this is the same as pass by reference. The only difference is that pointers may be null whereas references can never be null. If "no object" is a valid argument, the function should specify a pointer argument, otherwise it must specify a reference argument. Not all languages support references (C++ does, but C does not).

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