The word "instead" is an adverb and so doesn't have a past tense.
Did is the simple past tense. The past participle is done. Instead of saying "I am doing this" you would say "I did this". The present perfect tense is "I have done this."
"Responsible" is an adjective. It does not have a past tense. Instead, the past tense would apply to the word before. (Present - she is responsible, Past - she was responsible.)
The past tense of "after" is "aftered," but it is not commonly used. Instead, the past tense is usually indicated by using the word "after" in combination with a verb in the past tense. For example: "He arrived after the party had ended."
Yes, "became" is the past tense of the verb "become." In present tense, you would use "become" instead of "became."
The past tense of "thrust" is "thrust." "Thrust" is an irregular verb, meaning it does not follow the typical rule of adding "-ed" to form the past tense. Instead, the past tense remains the same as the base form. So, you would say, "He thrust the sword into the stone."
They do have a past tense they just don't have a pattern to forming the past tense like regular verbs do.
Resolute is not a verb, so no there is not a past tense. I think the word you are looking for is resolve
the past tense of am is was and the past tense of has is had
The past tense of "has" is "had" and the past tense of "have" is "had."
The past tense of mischievous is still mischievous as it is an adjective that describes a person's behavior. You could use the word misbehaved instead to convey a similar meaning in the past tense.
The word "incident" is a noun and does not have a past tense. Instead, if you are referring to an event that occurred, you might use verbs like "occurred" or "happened" in the past tense. For example, you could say, "The incident occurred yesterday."
Could is the past form of can. (Sometimes was/were able to is used instead of could.)