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the garment which has independent identity is known as a separate garment. it includes either top or bottom. the garment is made and sold separately
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What is the difference between severability and separability?
none
What is identifiabilty and separability in context of intangible asset?
Intangible assets are said to be identifiable when it is separable, ie capable of being separated or divided from the entity and sold, transferred, licensed, rented or exchanged, either individually or together with a related contract, asset or liability, or it arises from contractual or other legal rights, regardless of whether those rights are transferable or separable from the entity or from other rights and obligations
Which philosopher most clearly rejected the idea that the mind is separable from the body?
Jean-Baptiste du Val-de-Grâce, a philosopher with certain ideas about organizing the post revolution (French Revolution) rule of the people for the complete world. He got guillotined on the 24th of March 1794 in Paris
What is the difference between the brain and the mind?
The brain is the actual, physical organ made up of cells, blood vessels, nerve pathways, and gray and white matter....The mind is the non-physical part of our brain such as thought, emotions, dreams, and memories...
What is The Republic Act 9165?
An act establishing a code of conduct and ethical standards for public officials and employees, to uphold the time-honored principle of public office being a public trust, granting incentives and rewards for exemplary service, enumerating prohibited acts and transactions and providing penalties for violations thereof and for other purposes
What is RA 9292?
Philippine Republic Act 9292: ECE LawThe Republic Act 9292 or the "Electronics Engineering Act of 2004" is an amendment of the previous RA 5734. The new law has brought about debates from ECE students and professionals from the Electronics industry. There were few major changes made on the law, such as the new board exam rules and the classifications of e licensed to Electronics Engineers (ECT, ECE and PECE).Electronics and Communications Engineering would now be called Electronics Engineering. However, Communications would still be part of the ECE curriculum. Also, you need to pass the licensure exam first before you can affix the ECE title on your name.
What is the Republic Act 9163 of National Service Training Program?
Congress of the PhilippinesTwelfth CongressREPUBLIC ACT NO. 9163 January 23, 2002AN ACT ESTABLISHING THE NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM (NSTP) FOR TERTIARY LEVEL STUDENTS, AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7077 AND PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 1706, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSESBe it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in Congress assembled:Section 1. Short Title - This Act shall be known as the "National Service Training Program (NSTP) Act of 2001".Section 2. Declaration of Policy - It is hereby affirmed the prime duty of the government to serve and protect its citizens. In turn, it shall be the responsibility of all citizens to defend the security of the State and in fulfillment thereof, the government may require each citizen to render personal, military or civil service.Recognizing the youth's vital role in nation-building, the State shall promote civic consciousness among the youth and shall develop their physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual and social well-being. It shall inculcate in the youth patriotism, nationalism, and advance their involvement in public and civic affairs.In pursuit of these goals, the youth, the most valuable resource of the nation, shall be motivated, trained, organized and mobilized in military training, literacy, civic welfare and other similar endeavors in the service of the nation.Section 3. Definition of Terms - For purposes of this Act, the following are hereby defined as follows:(a) "National Service Training Program (NSTP)" is a program aimed at enhancing civic consciousness and defense preparedness in the youth by developing the ethics of service and patriotism while undergoing training in any of its three (3) program components. Its various components are specially designed to enhance the youth's active contribution to the general welfare.(b) "Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC)" is a program institutionalized under Sections 38 and 39 of Republic Act No. 7077 designed to provide military training to tertiary level students in order to motivate, train, organize and mobilize them for national defense preparedness.(c) "Literacy Training Service" is a program designed to train students to become teachers of literacy and numeracy skills to school children, out of school youth, and other segments of society in need of their service.(d) "Civic Welfare Training Service" refers to programs or activities contributory to the general welfare and the betterment of life for the members of the community or the enhancement of its facilities, especially those devoted to improving health, education, environment, entrepreneurship, safety, recreation and morals of the citizenry.(e) "Program component" shall refer to the service components of the NSTP as enumerated in Section 4 of this Act.Section 4. Establishment of the National Service Training Program. - There is hereby established a National Service Training Program, which shall form part of the curricula of all baccalaureate degree courses and of at least two (2)-year technical vocational courses and is a requisite for graduation, consisting of the following service components:(1) The Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC), which is hereby made option and voluntary upon the effectivity of this Act;(2) The Literacy Training Service; and(3) The Civic Welfare Training ServiceThe ROTC under the NSTP shall instill patriotism, moral virtues, respect for rights of civilians, and adherence to the Constitution, among others. Citizenship training shall be given emphasis in all three (3) program components.The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) and Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA), in consultation with the Department of National Defense (DND), Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges (PASUC), Coordinating Council of Private Educational Associations of the Philippines (COCOPEA) and other concerned government agencies, may design and implement such other program components as may be necessary in consonance with the provisions of this Act.Section 5. Coverage - Students, male and female, of any baccalaureate degree course or at least two (2)-year technical vocational courses in public and private educational institutions shall be required to complete one (1) of the NSTP components as requisite for graduation.Section 6. Duration and Equivalent Course Unit - Each of the aforementioned NSTP program components shall be undertaken for an academic period of two (2) semesters.In lieu of the two (2) semester program for any of the components of the NSTP, a one (1)-summer program may be designed, formulated and adopted by the DND, CHED, and TESDA.Section 7. NSTP Offering in Higher and Technical-Vocational Educational Institutions - All higher and technical-vocational institutions, public and private, must offer at least one of the program components; Provided, that State universities and colleges shall offer the ROTC component and at least one other component as provided herein; Provided, further, that private higher and technical-vocational education institutions may also offer the ROTC if they have at least three hundred and fifty (350) cadet students.In offering the NSTP whether during the semestral or summer periods, clustering of affected students from different educational institutions may be done, taking into account logistics, branch of service and geographical considerations. Schools that do not meet the required number of students to maintain the optional ROTC and any of the NSTP components shall allow their students to cross-enroll to other schools irrespective of whether or not the NSTP components in said schools are being administered by the same or another branch of service in the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP), CHED and TESDA to which schools are identified.Section 8. Fees and Incentives - Higher and technical vocational institutions shall not collect any fee for any of the NSTP components except basic tuition fees, which shall not be more than fifty percent (50%) of what is currently charged by schools per unit.In the case of ROTC, the DND shall formulate and adopt a program of assistance and/or incentive to those students who will take the said component.The school authorities concerned, CHED and TESDA shall ensure that group insurance for health and accident shall be provided for students enrolled in any of the NSTP components.Section 9. Scholarships - There is hereby created a Special Scholarship Program for qualified students taking the NSTP which shall be administered by the CHED and TESDA. Funds for this purpose shall be included in the annual regular appropriations of the CHED and TESDA.Section 10. Management of the NSTP Components - The school authorities shall exercise academic and administrative supervision over the design, forumulation, adoption and implementation of the different NSTP components in their respective schools; Provided, That in case a CHED- or TESDA-accredited non government organization (NGO) has been contracted to formulate and administer a training module for any of the NSTP components, such academic and administrative supervision shall be exercised jointly with that accredited NGO; Provided, further, That such training module shall be accredited by the CHED and TESDA.The CHED and TESDA regional offices shall oversee and monitor the implementation of the NSTP under their jurisdiction to determine if the trainings are being conducted in consonance with the objectives of this Act. Periodic reports shall be submitted to the CHED, TESDA and DND in this regard.Section 11. Creation of the National Service Reserve Corps - There is hereby created a National Service Reserve Corps, to be composed of the graduates of the non-ROTC components. Members of this Corps may be tapped by the State for literacy and civic welfare activities through the joint effort of the DND, CHED and TESDA.Graduates of the ROTC shall form part of the Citizens' Armed Force, pursuant to Republic Act No. 7077.Section 12. Implementing Rules. - The DND, CHED and TESDA shall have the joint responsibility for the adoption of the implementing rules of this Act within sixty (60) days from the approval of this Act.These three (3) agencies shall consult with other concerned government agencies, the PASUC and COCOPEA, NGOs and recognized student organizations in drafting the implementing rules.The implementing rules shall include the guideline for the adoption of the appropriate curriculum for each of the NSTP components as well as for the accreditation of the same.Section 13. Transitory Provisions - Students who have yet to complete the Basic ROTC, except those falling under Section 14 of this Act, may either continue in the program component they are currently enrolled or shift to any of the other program components of their choice; Provided, That in case he shifts to another program component, the Basic ROTC course he has completed shall be counted for the purpose of completing the NSTP requirement; Provided, further, That once he has shifted to another program component, he shall complete the NSTP in component.Section 14. Suspension of ROTC Requirement - The completion of ROTC training as a requisite for graduation is hereby set aside for those students who despite completing all their academic units as of the effectivity of this Act have not been allowed to graduate.Section 15. Separability Clause - If any section or provision of this Act shall be declared unconstitutional or invalid, the other sections or provisions not affected thereby shall remain in full force and effect.Section 16. Amendatory Clause - Section 35 of Commonwealth Act No. 1, Executive Order No.207 of 1939, Sections 2 and 3 of Presidential Decree No. 1706, and Sections 38 and 39 or Republic Act No. 7077, as well as all laws, decrees, orders, rules and regulations and other issuances inconsistent with the provisions of this Act are hereby deemed amended and modified accordingly.Section 17. Effectivity - This Act shall take effect fifteen (15) days after its publication in two (2) newspapers of national circulation, but the implementation of this Act shall commence in the school year of 2002-2003.Approved,(Sgd)FRANKLIN M. DRILONPresident of the Senate(Sgd)JOSE DE VENECIA, JR.Speaker of the House of RepresentativesThis Act which is a consolidation of H.B. No. 3593 and S.B. No. 1824 was finally passed by the House of Representatives and the Senate on December 19, 2001.(Sgd)OSCAR G. YABESSecretary of the Senate(Sgd)ROBERTO P. NAZARENOSecretary GeneralHouse of RepresentativesApproved: January 23, 2002(Sgd)GLORIA MACAPAGAL-ARROYOPresident of the Philippines
Magna carta in the Philippines?
REPUBLIC ACT No. 4670 June 18, 1966MAGNA CARTA FOR PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERSREPUBLIC ACT NO. 4670 June 18, 1966THE MAGNA CARTA FOR PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERSI. DECLARATION OF POLICY COVERAGESec. 1. Declaration of Policy. It is hereby declared to be the policy of this Act to promote and improve the social and economic status of public school teachers, their living and working conditions, their terms of employment and career prospects in order that they may compare favorably with existing opportunities in other walks of life, attract and retain in the teaching profession more people with the proper qualifications, it being recognized that advance in education depends on the qualifications and ability of the teaching staff and that education is an essential factor in the economic growth of the nation as a productive investment of vital importance.Sec. 2. Title Definition. This Act shall be known as the "Magna Carta for Public School Teachers" and shall apply to all public school teachers except those in the professorial staff of state colleges and universities.As used in this Act, the term "teacher" shall mean all persons engaged in classroom teaching, in any level of instruction, on full-time basis, including guidance counselors, school librarians, industrial arts or vocational instructors, and all other persons performing supervisory and/or administrative functions in all schools, colleges and universities operated by the Government or its political subdivisions; but shall not include school nurses, school physicians, school dentists, and other school employees.II. RECRUITMENT AND CAREERSec. 3. Recruitment and Qualification. Recruitment policy with respect to the selection and appointment of teachers shall be clearly defined by the Department of Education: Provided, however, That effective upon the approval of this Act, the following shall constitute the minimum educational qualifications for teacher-applicants:(a) For teachers in the kindergarten and elementary grades, Bachelor's degree in Elementary Education (B.S.E.ED.);(b) For teachers of the secondary schools, Bachelor's degree in Education or its equivalent with a major and a minor; or a Bachelor's degree in Arts or Science with at least eighteen professional units in Education.(c) For teachers of secondary vocational and two years technical courses, Bachelor's degree in the field of specialization with at least eighteen professional units in education;(d) For teachers of courses on the collegiate level, other than vocational, master's degree with a specific area of specialization;Provided, further, That in the absence of applicants who possess the minimum educational qualifications as hereinabove provided, the school superintendent may appoint, under a temporary status, applicants who do not meet the minimum qualifications: Provided, further, That should teacher-applicants, whether they possess the minimum educational qualifications or not, be required to take competitive examinations, preference in making appointments shall be in the order of their respective ranks in said competitive examinations: And provided, finally, That the results of the examinations shall be made public and every applicant shall be furnished with his score and rank in said examinations.Sec. 4. Probationary Period. When recruitment takes place after adequate training and professional preparation in any school recognized by the Government, no probationary period preceding regular appointment shall be imposed if the teacher possesses the appropriate civil service eligibility: Provided, however, That where, due to the exigencies of the service, it is necessary to employ as teacher a person who possesses the minimum educational qualifications herein above set forth but lacks the appropriate civil service eligibility, such person shall be appointed on a provisional status and shall undergo a period of probation for not less than one year from and after the date of his provisional appointment.Sec. 5. Tenure of Office. Stability on employment and security of tenure shall be assured the teachers as provided under existing laws.Subject to the provisions of Section three hereof, teachers appointed on a provisional status for lack of necessary civil service eligibility shall be extended permanent appointment for the position he is holding after having rendered at least ten years of continuous, efficient and faithful service in such position.Sec. 6. Consent for Transfer Transportation Expenses. Except for cause and as herein otherwise provided, no teacher shall be transferred without his consent from one station to another.Where the exigencies of the service require the transfer of a teacher from one station to another, such transfer may be effected by the school superintendent who shall previously notify the teacher concerned of the transfer and the reason or reasons therefor. If the teacher believes there is no justification for the transfer, he may appeal his case to the Director of Public Schools or the Director of Vocational Education, as the case may be. Pending his appeal and the decision thereon, his transfer shall be held in abeyance: Provided, however, That no transfers whatever shall be made three months before any local or national election.Necessary transfer expenses of the teacher and his family shall be paid for by the Government if his transfer is finally approved.Sec. 7. Code of Professional Conduct for Teachers. Within six months from the approval of this Act, the Secretary of Education shall formulate and prepare a Code of Professional Conduct for Public School Teachers. A copy of the Code shall be furnished each teacher: Provided, however, That where this is not possible by reason of inadequate fiscal resources of the Department of Education, at least three copies of the same Code shall be deposited with the office of the school principal or head teacher where they may be accessible for use by the teachers.Sec. 8. Safeguards in Disciplinary Procedure. Every teacher shall enjoy equitable safeguards at each stage of any disciplinary procedure and shall have:a. the right to be informed, in writing, of the charges;b. the right to full access to the evidence in the case;c. the right to defend himself and to be defended by a representative of his choice and/or by his organization, adequate time being given to the teacher for the preparation of his defense; andd. the right to appeal to clearly designated authorities.No publicity shall be given to any disciplinary action being taken against a teacher during the pendency of his case.Sec. 9. Administrative Charges. Administrative charges against a teacher shall be heard initially by a committee composed of the corresponding School Superintendent of the Division or a duly authorized representative who should at least have the rank of a division supervisor, where the teacher belongs, as chairman, a representative of the local or, in its absence, any existing provincial or national teacher's organization and a supervisor of the Division, the last two to be designated by the Director of Public Schools. The committee shall submit its findings and recommendations to the Director of Public Schools within thirty days from the termination of the hearings: Provided, however, That where the school superintendent is the complainant or an interested party, all the members of the committee shall be appointed by the Secretary of Education.Sec. 10. No Discrimination. There shall be no discrimination whatsoever in entrance to the teaching profession, or during its exercise, or in the termination of services, based on other than professional consideration.Sec. 11. Married Teachers. Whenever possible, the proper authorities shall take all steps to enable married couples, both of whom are public school teachers, to be employed in the same locality.Sec. 12. Academic Freedom. Teachers shall enjoy academic freedom in the discharge of their professional duties, particularly with regard to teaching and classroom methods.III. HOURS OF WORK AND REMUNERATIONSec. 13. Teaching Hours. Any teacher engaged in actual classroom instruction shall not be required to render more than six hours of actual classroom teaching a day, which shall be so scheduled as to give him time for the preparation and correction of exercises and other work incidental to his normal teaching duties: Provided, however, That where the exigencies of the service so require, any teacher may be required to render more than six hours but not exceeding eight hours of actual classroom teaching a day upon payment of additional compensation at the same rate as his regular remuneration plus at least twenty-five per cent of his basic pay.Sec. 14. Additional Compensation. Notwithstanding any provision of existing law to the contrary, co-curricula and out of school activities and any other activities outside of what is defined as normal duties of any teacher shall be paid an additional compensation of at least twenty-five per cent of his regular remuneration after the teacher has completed at least six hours of actual classroom teaching a day.In the case of other teachers or school officials not engaged in actual classroom instruction, any work performed in excess of eight hours a day shall be paid an additional compensation of at least twenty-five per cent of their regular remuneration.The agencies utilizing the services of teachers shall pay the additional compensation required under this section. Education authorities shall refuse to allow the rendition of services of teachers for other government agencies without the assurance that the teachers shall be paid the remuneration provided for under this section.Sec. 15. Criteria for Salaries. Teacher's salaries shall correspond to the following criteria:(a) they shall compare favorably with those paid in other occupations requiring equivalent or similar qualifications, training and abilities;(b) they shall be such as to insure teachers a reasonable standard of life for themselves and their families; and(c) they shall be properly graded so as to recognize the fact that certain positions require higher qualifications and greater responsibility than others: Provided, however, That the general salary scale shall be such that the relation between the lowest and highest salaries paid in the profession will be of reasonable order. Narrowing of the salary scale shall be achieved by raising the lower end of the salary scales relative to the upper end.Sec. 16. Salary Scale. Salary scales of teachers shall provide for a gradual progression from a minimum to a maximum salary by means of regular increments, granted automatically after three years: Provided, That the efficiency rating of the teacher concerned is at least satisfactory. The progression from the minimum to the maximum of the salary scale shall not extend over a period of ten years.Sec. 17. Equality in Salary Scales. The salary scales of teachers whose salaries are appropriated by a city, municipal, municipal district, or provincial government, shall not be less than those provided for teachers of the National Government.Sec. 18. Cost of Living Allowance. Teacher's salaries shall, at the very least, keep pace with the rise in the cost of living by the payment of a cost-of-living allowance which shall automatically follow changes in a cost-of-living index. The Secretary of Education shall, in consultation with the proper government entities, recommend to Congress, at least annually, the appropriation of the necessary funds for the cost-of-living allowances of teachers employed by the National Government. The determination of the cost-of-living allowances by the Secretary of Education shall, upon approval of the President of the Philippines, be binding on the city, municipal or provincial government, for the purposes of calculating the cost-of-living allowances of teachers under its employ.Sec. 19. Special Hardship Allowances. In areas in which teachers are exposed to hardship such as difficulty in commuting to the place of work or other hazards peculiar to the place of employment, as determined by the Secretary of Education, they shall be compensated special hardship allowances equivalent to at least twenty-five per cent of their monthly salary.Sec. 20. Salaries to be Paid in Legal Tender. Salaries of teachers shall be paid in legal tender of the Philippines or its equivalent in checks or treasury warrants. Provided, however, That such checks or treasury warrants shall be cashable in any national, provincial, city or municipal treasurer's office or any banking institutions operating under the laws of the Republic of the Philippines.Sec. 21. Deductions Prohibited. No person shall make any deduction whatsoever from the salaries of teachers except under specific authority of law authorizing such deductions: Provided, however, That upon written authority executed by the teacher concerned, (1) lawful dues and fees owing to the Philippine Public School Teachers Association, and (2) premiums properly due on insurance policies, shall be considered deductible.IV. HEALTH MEASURES AND INJURY BENEFITSSec. 22. Medical Examination and Treatment. Compulsory medical examination shall be provided free of charge for all teachers before they take up teaching, and shall be repeated not less than once a year during the teacher's professional life. Where medical examination show that medical treatment and/or hospitalization is necessary, same shall be provided free by the government entity paying the salary of the teachers.In regions where there is scarcity of medical facilities, teachers may obtain elsewhere the necessary medical care with the right to be reimbursed for their traveling expenses by the government entity concerned in the first paragraph of this Section.Sec. 23. Compensation For Injuries. Teachers shall be protected against the consequences of employment injuries in accordance with existing laws. The effects of the physical and nervous strain on the teacher's health shall be recognized as a compensable occupational disease in accordance with existing laws.V. LEAVE AND RETIREMENT BENEFITSSec. 24. Study Leave. In addition to the leave privileges now enjoyed by teachers in the public schools, they shall be entitled to study leave not exceeding one school year after seven years of service. Such leave shall be granted in accordance with a schedule set by the Department of Education. During the period of such leave, the teachers shall be entitled to at least sixty per cent of their monthly salary: Provided, however, That no teacher shall be allowed to accumulate more than one year study leave, unless he needs an additional semester to finish his thesis for a graduate study in education or allied courses: Provided, further, That no compensation shall be due the teacher after the first year of such leave. In all cases, the study leave period shall be counted for seniority and pension purposes.The compensation allowed for one year study leave as herein provided shall be subject to the condition that the teacher takes the regular study load and passes at least seventy-five per cent of his courses. Study leave of more than one year may be permitted by the Secretary of Education but without compensation.Sec. 25. Indefinite Leave. An indefinite sick leave of absence shall be granted to teachers when the nature of the illness demands a long treatment that will exceed one year at the least.Sec. 26. Salary Increase upon Retirement. Public school teachers having fulfilled the age and service requirements of the applicable retirement laws shall be given one range salary raise upon retirement, which shall be the basis of the computation of the lump sum of the retirement pay and the monthly benefits thereafter.VI. TEACHER'S ORGANIZATIONSec. 27. Freedom to Organize. Public school teachers shall have the right to freely and without previous authorization both to establish and to join organizations of their choosing, whether local or national to further and defend their interests.Sec. 28. Discrimination Against Teachers Prohibited. The rights established in the immediately preceding Section shall be exercised without any interference or coercion. It shall be unlawful for any person to commit any acts of discrimination against teachers which are calculated to (a) make the employment of a teacher subject to the condition that he shall not join an organization, or shall relinquish membership in an organization,(b) to cause the dismissal of or otherwise prejudice a teacher by reason of his membership in an organization or because of participation in organization activities outside school hours, or with the consent of the proper school authorities, within school hours, and (c) to prevent him from carrying out the duties laid upon him by his position in the organization, or to penalize him for an action undertaken in that capacity.Sec. 29. National Teacher's Organizations. National teachers' organizations shall be consulted in the formulation of national educational policies and professional standards, and in the formulation of national policies governing the social security of the teachers.VII. ADMINISTRATION AND ENFORCEMENTSec. 30. Rules and Regulations. The Secretary of Education shall formulate and prepare the necessary rules and regulations to implement the provisions of this Act. Rules and regulations issued pursuant to this Section shall take effect thirty days after publication in a newspaper of general circulation and by such other means as the Secretary of Education deems reasonably sufficient to give interested parties general notice of such issuance.Sec. 31. Budgetary Estimates. The Secretary of Education shall submit to Congress annually the necessary budgetary estimates to implement the provisions of the Act concerning the benefits herein granted to public school teachers under the employ of the National Government.Sec. 32. Penal Provision. A person who shall willfully interfere with, restrain or coerce any teacher in the exercise of his rights guaranteed by this Act or who shall in any other manner commit any act to defeat any of the provisions of this Act shall, upon conviction, be punished by a fine of not less than one hundred pesos nor more than one thousand pesos, or by imprisonment, in the discretion of the court.If the offender is a public official, the court shall order his dismissal from the Government service.Sec. 33. Repealing Clause. All Acts or parts of Acts, executive orders and their implementing rules inconsistent with the provisions of this Act are hereby repealed, amended or modified accordingly.Sec. 34. Separability Clause. If any provision of this Act is declared invalid, the remainder of this Act or any provisions not affected thereby shall remain in force and in effect.Sec. 35. This Act shall take effect upon its approval.Approved: June 18, 1966
What does Republic Act 6969 state?
REPUBLIC ACT 6969An Act to Control Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes, Providing Penalties for Violations Thereof, and for Other PurposesBe it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in Congress assembled:Section 1. Short Title. - This Act shall be known as the "Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control Act of 1990."Section 2. Declaration of Policy. - It is the policy of the State to regulate, restrict or prohibit the importation, manufacture, processing, sale, distribution, use and disposal of chemical substances and mixtures that present unreasonable risk and/or injury to health or the environment; to prohibit the entry, even in transit, of hazardous and nuclear wastes and their disposal into the Philippine territorial limits for whatever purpose; and to provide advancement and facilitate research and studies on toxic chemicals.Section 3. Scope. - This Act shall cover the importation, manufacture, processing, handling, storage, transportation, sale, distribution, use and disposal of all unregulated chemical substances and mixtures in the Philippines, including the entry even in transit, as well as the keeping or storage and disposal of hazardous and nuclear wastes into the country for whatever purposes.Section 4. Objectives. - The Objectives of this Act are:a. To keep an inventory of chemicals that are presently being imported, manufactured, or used; indicating, among others, their existing and possible uses, test data, names of firms manufacturing or using them, and such other information as may be considered relevant to the protection of health and the environment;b. To monitor and regulate the importation, manufacture, processing, handling, storage, transportation, sale, distribution, use and disposal of chemical substances and mixtures that present unreasonable risk or injury to health or to the environment in accordance with national policies and international commitments;c. To inform and educate the populace regarding the hazards and risks attendant to the manufacture, handling, storage, transportation, processing, distribution, use and disposal of toxic chemicals and other substances and mixtures; andd. To prevent the entry, even in transit, as well as the keeping or storage and disposal of hazardous and nuclear wastes into the country for whatever purpose.Section 5. Definition. - As used in this Act:a. Chemical substance means any organic or inorganic substance of a particular molecular identity, including:i) Any combination of such substances occurring in whole or in part as a result of chemical reaction or occurring in nature: andii.) Any element or uncombined chemical.b. Chemical mixture means any combination of two or more chemical substances if the combination does not occur in nature and is not, in whole or in part, the result of a chemical reaction, if none of the chemical substances comprising the combination is a new chemical substance and if the combination could have been manufactured for commercial purposes without a chemical reaction at the time the chemical substances comprising the combination were combined. This shall include nonbiodegradable mixtures.c. Process means the preparation of a chemical substance or mixture after its manufacture for commercial distribution:i) In the same form or physical state or in a different form or physical state from that which it was received by the person so preparing such substance or mixture; orii) As part of an article containing a chemical substance or mixture.d. Importation means the entry of a product or substance into the Philippines (through the seaports or airports of entry) after having been properly cleared through or still remaining under customs control, the product or substance of which is intended for direct consumption, merchandising, warehousing, for further processing.e. Manufacture means the mechanical or chemical transformation of substances into new products whether work is performed by power-driven machines or by hand, whether it is done in a factory or in the worker\'s home, and whether the products are sold at wholesale or retail.f. Hazardous substances are substances which present either:1) short-term acute hazards such as acute toxicity by ingestion, inhalation or skin absorption, corrosivity or other skin or eye contact hazard or the risk of fire or explosion; or2) long-term environmental hazards, including chronic toxicity upon repeated exposure, carcinogenicity (which may in some cases result from acute exposure but with a long latent period, resistance to detoxification process such as biodegradation, the potential to pollute underground or surface waters, or aesthetically objectionable properties such as offensive odors.g. Hazardous wastes are hereby defined as substances that are without any safe commercial, industrial, agricultural or economic usage and are shipped, transported or brought from the country of origin for dumping or disposal into or in transit through any part of the territory of the Philippines.Hazardous wastes shall also refer to by-products, side-products, process residues, spent reaction media, contaminated plant or equipment or other substances from manufacturing operations, and as consumer discards of manufactured products.h. Nuclear wastes are hazardous wastes made radioactive by exposure to the radiation incidental to the production or utilization of nuclear fuels but does not include nuclear fuel, or radioisotopes which have reached the final stage of fabrication so as to be usable for any scientific, medical, agricultural, commercial, or industrial purpose.Section 6. Functions, Powers and Responsibilities of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources. - The Department of Environment and Natural Resources shall be the implementing agency tasked with the following functions, powers, and responsibilities:a. To keep an updated, inventory of chemicals that are presently being manufactured or used, indicating, among others, their existing and possible uses, quantity, test data, names of firms manufacturing or using them, and such other information as the Secretary may consider relevant to the protection of health and the environment;b. To require chemical substances and mixtures that present unreasonable risk or injury to health or to the environment to be tested before they are manufactured or imported for the first time;c. To require chemical substances and mixtures which are presently being manufactured or processed to be tested if there is a reason to believe that they pose unreasonable risk or injury to health and the environment;d. To evaluate the characteristics of chemicals that have been tested to determine their toxicity and the extent to their effects on health and the environment;e. To enter into contracts and make grants for research, development, and monitoring of chemical substances and mixtures;f. To conduct inspection of any establishment in which chemicals are manufactured, processed, stored or held before or after their commercial distribution and to make recommendations to the proper authorities concerned;g. To confiscate or impound chemicals found not falling within the standard set by the rules and regulations and the said acts cannot be enjoined except after the chemicals have been impounded;h. To monitor and prevent the entry, even in transit, of hazardous and nuclear wastes and their disposal into the country;i. To subpoena witnesses and documents and to require other information if necessary to carry out the provisions of this Act;j. To call on any department, bureau, office, agency, state university or college, and other instrumentalities of the Government for assistance in the form of personnel, facilities, and other resources as the need arises in the discharge of its functions;k. To disseminate information and conduct educational awareness campaign on the effects of chemical substances, mixtures and wastes on health and environment; andl. To exercise such powers and perform such other functions as may be necessary to carry out its duties and responsibilities under this Act.Section 7. Inter-agency Technical Advisory Council. - There is hereby created an Inter-agency Technical Advisory Council attached to the Department of Environment and Natural Resources which shall be composed of the following officials or their duly authorized representatives:Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources - ChairmanSecretary of Health - MemberDirector of the Philippine Nuclear Research Institute - MemberSecretary of Trade and Industry - MemberSecretary of Science and Technology - MemberSecretary of National Defense - MemberSecretary of Foreign Affairs - MemberSecretary of Labor and Employment - MemberSecretary of Finance - MemberSecretary of Agriculture - MemberRepresentative from the non-governmental organization on health and safety - MemberThe representative from the non-governmental organization shall be appointed by the President for a term of three (3) years. The council shall have the following functions:a. To assist the Department of Environment and Natural Resources in the formulation of the pertinent rules and regulations for the effective implementation of this Act;b. To assist the Department of Environment and Natural Resources in the preparation and updating of the inventory of chemical substances and mixtures that fall within the coverage of this Act;c. To conduct preliminary evaluation of the characteristics of chemical substances and mixtures to determine their toxicity and effects on health and the environment and make the necessary recommendations to the Department of Environment and Natural Resources; andd. To perform such other functions as the Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources may from time to time, require.Section 8. Pre-Manufacturing and Pre-Importation Requirements. - Before any new chemical substances or mixture can be manufactured, processed or imported for the first time as determined by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, the manufacturer, processor or importer shall submit the following information: the name of the chemical substances; its chemical identity and molecular structure; proposed categories of use; an estimate of the amount to be manufactured, processed or imported; processing and disposal thereof; and any test data related to health and environmental effects which the manufacturer, processor or importer has.Section 9. Chemicals Subject to Testing. - Testing shall be required in all cases where:a. There is a reason to believe that the chemical substances or mixture may present an unreasonable risk to health or environmental exposure thereto;b. There are insufficient data and experience for determining or predicting the health and environmental effects of the chemical substance or mixture; andc. The testing of the chemical substance or mixture is necessary to develop such data.The manufacturers, processors or importers shall shoulder the costs of testing the chemical substance or mixture that will be manufactured, processed or imported.Section 10. Action by the Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources or his Duly Authorized Representative. - The Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources or his duly authorized representative shall, within ninety (90) days from the date of filing of the notice of manufacture, processing or importation of a chemical substance or mixture, decide whether or not to regulate or prohibit its importation, manufacture, processing, sale, distribution, use or disposal. The Secretary may, for justifiable reasons, extend the ninety-day pre-manufacture period within a reasonable time.Section 11. Chemical Substance Exempt from the Pre-Manufacture Notification. - The manufacture of the following chemical substances or mixtures shall be exempt from pre-manufacture notification:a. Those included in the categories of chemical substances and mixtures already listed in the inventory of existing chemicals;b. Those to be produced in small quantities solely for experimental or research and development purposes;c. Chemical substances and mixtures that will not present an unreasonable risk to health and the environment; andd. Chemical substances and mixtures that exist temporarily and which have no human or environmental exposure such as those which exist as a result of chemical reactions in the manufacture or processing of a mixture of another chemical substance.Section 12. Public Access to Records, Reports or Notification. - The public shall have access to records, reports or information concerning chemical substances and mixtures including safety data submitted, data on emission or discharge into the environment, and such documents shall be available for inspection or reproduction during normal business hours except that the information or particular person thereof confidential and may not be made public when such would divulge trade secrets, production or sales figures or methods, production or processes unique to such manufacturer, processor, or distributor or would otherwise tend to affect adversely the competitive position of such manufacturer, processor or distributor. The Department of Environment and Natural Resources, however, may release information subject to claim of confidentiality to a medical research or scientific institution where the information is needed for the purpose of medical diagnosis or treatment of a person exposed to the chemical substance or mixture.Section 13. Prohibited Acts. - The following acts and omissions shall be considered unlawful:a. Knowingly use in chemical substance or mixture which is imported, manufactured, processed or distributed in violation of this Act or implementing rules and regulations or orders;b. Failure or refusal to submit reports, notices or on the information, access to records as required by this Act, or permit inspection of establishment where chemicals are manufactured, processed, stored or otherwise held;c. Failure or refusal to comply with the pre-manufacture and pre-importation requirements; andd. Cause, aid or facilitate, directly or indirectly, in the storage, importation or bringing into Philippine territory, including its maritime economic zones, even in transit, either by means of land, air or sea transportation or otherwise keeping in storage any amount of hazardous and nuclear wastes in any part of the Philippines.Section 14. Criminal Offenses and Penalties. -a)i. The penalty of imprisonment of six (6) months and one day to six (6) years and one day and a fine ranging from Six hundred pesos (Php600.00) to Four thousand pesos (PhP4,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person who shall violate section 13(a) to (c) of this Act and shall not be covered by the Probation Law. If the offender is a foreigner, he or she shall be deported and barred from any subsequent entry into the Philippines after serving his or her sentence;ii. In case any violation of this Act is committed by a partnership, corporation, association or any juridical person, the partner, president, director or manager who shall consent to or shall knowingly tolerate such violation shall be directly liable and responsible for the act of the employees and shall be criminally liable as a co-principal;iii. In case the offender is a government official or employee, he or she shall, in addition to the above penalties, be deemed automatically dismissed from office and permanently disqualified from holding any elective or appointive position.b)i. The penalty of imprisonment of twelve (12) years and one day to twenty (20) years, shall be imposed upon any person who shall violate section 13 (d) of this Act. If the offender is a foreigner, he or she shall be deported and barred from any subsequent entry into the Philippines after serving his or her sentence;ii. In the case of corporations or other associations, the above penalty shall be imposed upon the managing partner, president or chief executive in addition to an exemplary damage of at least Five hundred thousand pesos (PhP500,000.00). If it is a foreign firm, the director and all officers of such foreign firm shall be barred from entry into the Philippines, in addition to the cancellation of its license to do business in the Philippines;iii. In case the offender is a government official or employee, he or she shall in addition to the above penalties be deemed automatically dismissed from office and permanently be disqualified from holding any elective or appointive position.c) Every penalty imposed for the unlawful importation, entry, transport, manufacture, processing, sale or distribution of chemical substances or mixtures into or within the Philippines shall carry with it the confiscation and forfeiture in favor of the Government of the proceeds of the unlawful act and instruments, tools or other improvements including vehicles, sea vessels and aircraft used in or with which the offense was committed. Chemical substances so confiscated and forfeited by the Government at its option shall be turned over to the Department of Environment and Natural Resources for safekeeping and proper disposal.d) The person or firm responsible or connected with the bringing or importation into the country of hazardous or nuclear wastes shall be under obligation to transport or send back said prohibited wastes;Any and all means of transportation, including all facilities and appurtenances that may have been used in transporting to or in the storage in the Philippines of any significant amount of hazardous or nuclear wastes shall at the option of the government be forfeited in its favor.Section 15. Administrative Fines. - In all cases of violations of this Act, including violations of implementing rules and regulations which have been duly promulgated and published in accordance with Section 16 of this Act, the Secretary of Environment an Natural Resources is hereby authorized to impose a fine of not less than Ten thousand pesos (Php10,000.00), but not more than Fifty thousand pesos (PhP50,000.00) upon any person or entity found guilty thereof. The administrative fines imposed and collected by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources shall accrue to a special fund to be administered by the Department exclusively for projects and research activities relative to toxic substances and mixtures.Section 16. Promulgation of Rules and Regulations. - The Department of Environment and Natural Resources, in coordination with the member agencies of the Inter-Agency Technical Advisory Council, shall prepare and publish the rules and regulations implementing this Act within six months from the date of its effectivity.Section 17. Appropriation. - Such amount as may be necessary to implement the provisions of this Act is hereby annually appropriated and included in the budget of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources.Section 18. Separability Clause. - If any provision of this Act is declared void or unconstitutional, the remaining provisions thereof not affected thereby shall remain in full force and effect.Section 19. Repealing Clause. - All laws, presidential decrees, executive orders and issuances, and rules and regulations which are inconsistent with this Act are hereby repealed or modified accordingly.Section 20. Effectivity. - This Act shall take effect after fifteen (15) days following its publication in the Official Gazette or in any newspaper of general circulation.
What are words ending in -ty and their base word?
3-letter wordssty4-letter wordsarty, city, doty, duty, mity, paty, pity5-letter wordsamity, aunty, banty, batty, bawty, bitty, booty, borty, busty, butty, canty, catty, cutty, deity, dicty, dirty, ditty, dorty, dotty, dusty, empty, fatty, fifty, fluty, footy, forty, fusty, gouty, gusty, gutty, hasty, hefty, hooty, janty, jetty, jolty, jotty, jutty, kilty, kitty, laity, lefty, linty, lofty, lusty, malty, meaty, milty, minty, misty, musty, nasty, natty, netty, nifty, nitty, nutty, panty, party, pasty, patty, peaty, petty, piety, platy, potty, pouty, punty, putty, ratty, rooty, runty, rusty, rutty, salty, silty, sixty, slaty, softy, sooty, suety, tarty, tasty, tatty, tenty, testy, titty, tufty, tutty, unity, vasty, warty, whity, witty, zesty, zloty6-letter wordsacuity, agouty, beauty, blasty, blotty, bounty, bratty, cavity, chanty, chatty, cherty, chesty, chitty, clotty, comity, county, crafty, crusty, dainty, deputy, dimity, drafty, drifty, eighty, enmity, entity, equity, faulty, fealty, feisty, ferity, fixity, flinty, flirty, floaty, fretty, frosty, fruity, gaiety, gayety, ghosty, gleety, gnatty, gritty, grotty, grouty, guilty, hearty, jaunty, knotty, laxity, lealty, lenity, levity, mighty, moiety, nicety, nighty, ninety, nudity, oddity, painty, parity, pigsty, plenty, plotty, pointy, polity, pretty, purity, rarity, realty, righty, safety, sanity, scanty, scatty, shanty, shelty, shifty, shirty, shorty, slanty, sleety, smarty, smutty, snooty, snotty, snouty, sporty, spotty, surety, swarty, sweaty, thirty, toasty, treaty, trouty, trusty, twenty, twisty, ubiety, uppity, vanity, vaulty, vaunty, verity, wristy, yeasty7-letter wordsability, acidity, agility, amenity, aminity, amnesty, anality, anility, annuity, anxiety, aplenty, aridity, avidity, bedirty, bheesty, biggety, biggity, biparty, blighty, brevity, carroty, charity, christy, clarity, crudity, cruelty, dacoity, dakoity, density, dignity, doughty, duality, dubiety, dynasty, edacity, faculty, falsity, fatuity, ferrety, fidgety, flaunty, flighty, frailty, frowsty, furmety, furmity, gadgety, gargety, gravity, haughty, honesty, impiety, inanity, jollity, liberty, loyalty, maggoty, majesty, modesty, naivety, naughty, nimiety, novelty, nuggety, nullity, obesity, opacity, orality, outpity, ovality, parroty, paucity, paughty, penalty, piosity, poverty, privity, probity, puberty, quality, rabbity, rackety, raucity, reality, rickety, royalty, russety, satiety, seventy, society, squatty, squinty, suavity, tensity, tenuity, thirsty, thrifty, throaty, trinity, unhasty, utility, vacuity, variety, varsity, vastity, velvety, viduity, weighty8-letter wordsacerbity, acridity, activity, affinity, alacrity, algidity, almighty, anticity, asperity, atrocity, audacity, axiality, banality, basicity, bifidity, bovinity, caducity, calamity, caninity, capacity, casualty, celerity, chastity, circuity, civility, conicity, cubicity, cupidity, debility, disunity, divinity, docility, draughty, droughty, enormity, entirety, entreaty, epinasty, epizooty, equality, equinity, eternity, exiguity, facility, fatality, felicity, felinity, feminity, feracity, ferocity, fidelity, finality, fluidity, fortuity, fromenty, frumenty, fugacity, furmenty, futility, futurity, gelidity, gratuity, guaranty, gulosity, helicity, heredity, hilarity, humanity, humidity, humility, ideality, identity, idoneity, immunity, imparity, impunity, impurity, inequity, infinity, iniquity, insanity, inverity, ionicity, jejunity, jocosity, jovialty, lability, lanosity, latinity, legality, legerity, lividity, locality, lucidity, majority, maturity, mesnalty, minacity, minority, mobility, modality, molality, molarity, morality, moronity, morosity, motility, motivity, mucidity, mucosity, nasality, natality, nativity, nihility, nobility, nodality, nodosity, nonempty, nonfatty, nonparty, nubility, obtusity, otiosity, penality, peripety, pilosity, polarity, porosity, priority, property, quantity, quiddity, rabidity, ramosity, rapacity, rapidity, regality, rigidity, rimosity, rugosity, rurality, sacristy, sagacity, salacity, salinity, sanctity, sapidity, scarcity, security, sedulity, senility, serenity, serosity, severity, snippety, sobriety, sodality, solidity, sonority, sorority, sovranty, sparsity, subtilty, subtlety, temerity, tenacity, tepidity, thickety, timidity, tonality, tonicity, toplofty, torosity, totality, touristy, toxicity, travesty, triunity, tumidity, ubiquity, unpretty, unsafety, untrusty, urbanity, vagility, validity, vapidity, velleity, velocity, venality, venosity, veracity, vicinity, vinosity, viridity, virility, vitality, vivacity, vocality, voracity, warranty, zygosity9-letter wordsabsurdity, acclivity, actuality, adiposity, admiralty, adversity, ambiguity, amorality, animality, animosity, anonymity, antiparty, antiquity, apriority, arability, asininity, assiduity, atonality, austerity, authority, barbarity, benignity, biosafety, brutality, callosity, captivity, carnality, causality, celebrity, certainty, champerty, chirality, chocolaty, clonicity, coevality, commodity, community, concavity, congruity, contrasty, convexity, credulity, crotchety, curiosity, cyclicity, declivity, deformity, depravity, dexterity, disparity, diversity, ductility, duplicity, edibility, emotivity, erosivity, ethnicity, extensity, extrality, extremity, facticity, fecundity, fertility, festivity, feudality, fissility, floridity, formality, fragility, frigidity, frivolity, frugality, garrulity, geniality, gentility, gibbosity, gracility, gravidity, hideosity, hostility, hybridity, iconicity, immensity, immodesty, inability, indemnity, indignity, inebriety, infirmity, ingenuity, integrity, intensity, intercity, inutility, irreality, jocundity, joviality, lethality, liability, limpidity, lineality, linearity, liquidity, longevity, loquacity, lubricity, malignity, maternity, mayoralty, mendacity, mendicity, mentality, modernity, morbidity, mortality, multicity, mundanity, mutuality, necessity, nervosity, noncounty, nonentity, normality, notoriety, obliquity, obscenity, obscurity, overhasty, passivity, paternity, pederasty, placidity, planarity, plurality, pomposity, posterity, precocity, predacity, primality, profanity, prolixity, propriety, proximity, publicity, puerility, pugnacity, putridity, rancidity, rascality, rotundity, rusticity, salubrity, sectility, seniority, sequacity, sergeanty, serjeanty, servility, severalty, sexuality, sincerity, sinuosity, sociality, solemnity, specialty, spinosity, stability, sterility, stolidity, stupidity, suability, subcounty, sublimity, supercity, tactility, tensility, torpidity, torridity, turbidity, turgidity, unanimity, unclarity, unreality, unthrifty, usability, verbosity, viability, villosity, virginity, viscidity, viscosity, viscounty, vorticity, vulgarity10-letter wordsabstrusity, actability, adaptivity, additivity, affability, alkalinity, amiability, angularity, aquilinity, asexuality, audibility, bestiality, bimodality, bipedality, bipolarity, canonicity, capability, causticity, centrality, centricity, chlorinity, chronicity, coequality, coercivity, comicality, commonalty, complexity, complicity, concinnity, conformity, contiguity, continuity, cordiality, corporeity, creativity, curability, cutability, difficulty, disability, dishonesty, disloyalty, disutility, durability, dyeability, efficacity, elasticity, emissivity, endemicity, equability, equanimity, erectility, ergodicity, ethicality, factuality, femininity, flaccidity, fraternity, friability, frontality, fusibility, generality, generosity, ignobility, illegality, imbecility, immaturity, immobility, immorality, impudicity, inactivity, incapacity, incivility, indocility, inequality, infelicity, infidelity, inhumanity, insecurity, insipidity, insobriety, insularity, interparty, invalidity, jocularity, juvenility, legibility, lexicality, liberality, likability, literality, livability, logicality, lovability, luminosity, mediocrity, modularity, movability, muliebrity, multiparty, musicality, mutability, nebulosity, negativity, neutrality, nonfaculty, nonutility, notability, nuptiality, optimality, organicity, orotundity, osmolality, osmolarity, overmighty, partiality, pernickety, perpetuity, perplexity, personalty, perversity, plasticity, pliability, popularity, positivity, potability, preciosity, prepuberty, proclivity, profundity, propensity, prosperity, quaternity, reactivity, regularity, relativity, risibility, salability, sanguinity, scurrility, secularity, seismicity, seminudity, sensuality, sensuosity, sewability, shrievalty, similarity, simplicity, solidarity, solubility, spasticity, spatiality, speciality, speciosity, sphericity, subsociety, subvariety, suzerainty, synonymity, tenability, topicality, tortuosity, triplicity, triviality, tuberosity, tunability, unchastity, uniformity, university, unmorality, varicosity, virtuality, virtuosity, visibility, viviparity, volatility, volubility11-letter wordsabnormality, adorability, affectivity, amenability, amicability, analyticity, angioplasty, antianxiety, anticruelty, antigravity, antiobesity, antipoverty, aromaticity, bankability, bearability, bellicosity, biconcavity, biconvexity, biddability, bioactivity, bisexuality, bloodguilty, capillarity, cardinality, castability, catholicity, cellularity, circularity, coilability, colinearity, commonality, communality, conjugality, conspicuity, contrariety, coplanarity, corporality, credibility, criminality, criticality, culpability, cyclicality, deniability, diaphaneity, diffusivity, directivity, disquantity, domesticity, drapability, drivability, ecumenicity, educability, effectivity, electricity, eligibility, ellipticity, epidemicity, erasability, erodibility, ethereality, eventuality, exclusivity, exemplarity, expansivity, exteriority, externality, fallibility, familiarity, farcicality, feasibility, fishability, flexibility, formability, fungibility, fussbudgety, grandiosity, granularity, gullibility, historicity, homogeneity, hospitality, hyperacuity, illiquidity, immortality, impassivity, impetuosity, importunity, impropriety, impulsivity, incommodity, incongruity, incredulity, incuriosity, infantility, infectivity, inferiority, infertility, informality, insalubrity, insincerity, instability, integrality, intercounty, interiority, internality, intrepidity, inviability, isotonicity, liveability, longanimity, magnanimity, mailability, marginality, masculinity, materiality, meltability, miscibility, monstrosity, moribundity, multicounty, muscularity, nationality, nonidentity, nonminority, nonmotility, nonvalidity, notionality, objectivity, openability, operability, opportunity, optionality, oracularity, originality, osteoplasty, ototoxicity, overanxiety, packability, palpability, parfocality, partibility, peculiarity, pepperminty, periodicity, persnickety, personality, perspicuity, pertinacity, physicality, placability, playability, portability, possibility, postpuberty, prematurity, primitivity, probability, prodigality, prolificity, promiscuity, propinquity, punctuality, quotability, rationality, readability, receptivity, reciprocity, reflexivity, reliability, religiosity, rentability, resistivity, retentivity, reusability, rhinoplasty, rhythmicity, roadability, rubicundity, schistosity, seasonality, selectivity, semiaridity, sensibility, sensitivity, serendipity, singularity, sociability, solvability, sorbability, sovereignty, specificity, specularity, spiritualty, spontaneity, strenuosity, suitability, summability, superfluity, superiority, syllabicity, taciturnity, tangibility, temporality, testability, tranquility, triaxiality, uncertainty, variability, vascularity, vendibility, versatility, verticality, viceroyalty, violability, volcanicity, vulcanicity, washability, wearability, wettability, workability12-letter wordsabsorptivity, adaptability, admirability, adoptability, advisability, aggressivity, agreeability, alienability, alterability, anelasticity, antigenicity, aperiodicity, apostolicity, assumability, authenticity, autoimmunity, automaticity, automobility, availability, avascularity, avuncularity, binocularity, biodiversity, bloodthirsty, brushability, chromaticity, churchianity, classicality, cleanability, collectivity, collegiality, collinearity, compulsivity, conductivity, congeniality, connectivity, connubiality, conviviality, coprosperity, corporeality, countability, crossability, cytotoxicity, decidability, desirability, detonability, dilatability, divisibility, drapeability, drillability, drinkability, driveability, eccentricity, effectuality, electability, emotionality, ephemerality, equitability, equivocality, essentiality, excitability, exhaustivity, expressivity, fatigability, fictionality, flammability, forgeability, frangibility, habitability, hatchability, heritability, heterogamety, homozygosity, honorability, hyperacidity, hypotonicity, ignitability, illegibility, illiberality, illogicality, immovability, immutability, impartiality, imputability, inaudibility, incapability, inconcinnity, inconformity, incorporeity, indelibility, inducibility, ineffability, inelasticity, infusibility, insolubility, insurability, interfaculty, intersociety, invisibility, irascibility, irregularity, irritability, keratoplasty, lachrymosity, leachability, lognormality, lysogenicity, malleability, memorability, meticulosity, microgravity, mitogenicity, modulability, monotonicity, multiformity, multiplicity, multiversity, municipality, mutagenicity, navigability, noncelebrity, noncommunity, nonlinearity, nonnecessity, oncogenicity, opposability, overactivity, overcapacity, overmaturity, palatability, pansexuality, perceptivity, perfectivity, permeability, permittivity, perspicacity, plausibility, pneumaticity, polytonality, posteriority, potentiality, practicality, pregnability, prehensility, principality, printability, productivity, pseudonymity, pyrogenicity, quizzicality, reducibility, reflectivity, refractivity, regressivity, removability, renewability, reputability, retractility, saccharinity, scrupulosity, sempiternity, separability, severability, shareability, simultaneity, spirituality, stainability, subcommunity, subjectivity, subnormality, subsidiarity, subspecialty, supergravity, superquality, susceptivity, synchroneity, technicality, tolerability, toxigenicity, traceability, tractability, trainability, tranquillity, transitivity, treatability, trustability, unconformity, ungenerosity, unisexuality, universality, unpopularity, untenability, vasoactivity, venerability, veridicality, vesicularity, voluminosity, whimsicality13-letter wordsabsorbability, acceptability, accessibility, adjustability, admissibility, affectability, affordability, allergenicity, ambidexterity, ambisexuality, analyzability, anfractuosity, antiauthority, antifertility, antiobscenity, antisexuality, appealability, applicability, artificiality, assignability, associativity, attainability, believability, breathability, changeability, clandestinity, coagulability, codifiability, collaterality, colloquiality, commerciality, commutativity, comparability, compatibility, computability, concentricity, conceptuality, confraternity, connaturality, consanguinity, contractility, corrigibility, creditability, crystallinity, cultivability, damageability, deductibility, defeasibility, defensibility, delectability, dependability, destructivity, detachability, detectability, deterrability, digestibility, disconformity, discontinuity, disposability, dissimilarity, egocentricity, employability, enumerability, excludability, exothermicity, expandability, expansibility, expendability, exportability, extendability, extensibility, extrudability, filterability, formidability, functionality, germinability, heterogeneity, homosexuality, horizontality, hyperactivity, hypermobility, hypersalinity, hypertonicity, hypervelocity, immateriality, immiscibility, impalpability, impassability, impassibility, impeccability, impecuniosity, impersonality, implacability, impossibility, improbability, improvability, incredibility, individuality, ineducability, ineligibility, inevitability, inexorability, infallibility, infeasibility, inflexibility, inhomogeneity, inhospitality, insatiability, insensibility, insensitivity, insociability, instantaneity, intangibility, integrability, invariability, invincibility, inviolability, irrationality, machinability, manageability, marketability, measurability, mensurability, metastability, microporosity, microtonality, modifiability, monumentality, multipolarity, negligibility, negotiability, neurotoxicity, nonadditivity, nonconformity, noncreativity, nonuniformity, nonuniversity, observability, obtainability, orthogonality, overdiversity, overingenuity, overintensity, overstability, paranormality, parasexuality, particularity, patentability, pathogenicity, penetrability, perdurability, perishability, phototoxicity, phytotoxicity, preferability, preuniversity, profitability, progressivity, promotability, provinciality, punishability, pusillanimity, quadruplicity, radioactivity, reasonability, recallability, reeligibility, reformability, refundability, remediability, repairability, repeatability, replicability, resectability, resistibility, retroactivity, reversibility, sacrosanctity, saprogenicity, sinterability, solderability, spreadability, squeezability, superactivity, superfluidity, superhumanity, supermajority, supersubtlety, survivability, synchronicity, theatricality, triangularity, ultravirility, underactivity, unfamiliarity, unknowability, unpunctuality, unreliability, unsociability, unsuitability, unworkability, upgradability, verifiability, vulnerability14-letter wordsaccountability, addressability, aeroelasticity, antiuniversity, assimilability, bioelectricity, blepharoplasty, collapsibility, combustibility, compensability, conceivability, conditionality, conductibility, confirmability, convertibility, corruptibility, curvilinearity, deliverability, denumerability, dimensionality, directionality, disciplinarity, dispensability, dissociability, distensibility, distributivity, enforceability, exceptionality, exhaustibility, extemporaneity, extensionality, extractability, falsifiability, fantasticality, fashionability, fissionability, foreseeability, goitrogenicity, grammaticality, hepatotoxicity, heterozygosity, hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity, hygroscopicity, hypersexuality, hyperviscosity, illimitability, immunogenicity, impermeability, implausibility, impracticality, impregnability, impressibility, inadvisability, inalienability, inalterability, inauthenticity, indefinability, indivisibility, indomitability, indubitability, ineffectuality, ineluctability, inflammability, infrangibility, inheritability, inscrutability, inseparability, intensionality, intentionality, intercommunity, interfertility, intersexuality, intersterility, intolerability, intractability, intransitivity, irreducibility, irrefutability, irremovability, irrevocability, justiciability, justifiability, localizability, machineability, manipulability, nephrotoxicity, nonobjectivity, overgenerosity, paradoxicality, perceptibility, perfectibility, performability, permissibility, pleasurability, polarizability, polydispersity, practicability, predictability, presentability, preservability, preventability, processability, processibility, recoverability, rectangularity, rectifiability, referentiality, refrangibility, repressibility, respectability, responsibility, retrievability, salvageability, sentimentality, seronegativity, seropositivity, serviceability, stretchability, substantiality, suggestibility, superficiality, superintensity, supernormality, supersexuality, supportability, susceptibility, sustainability, teratogenicity, territoriality, theocentricity, thermolability, trafficability, transmissivity, transsexuality, tumorigenicity, unalterability, unavailability, uncongeniality, undecidability, undesirability, unflappability, unpalatability, unthinkability, untouchability, upgradeability, weatherability15-letter wordsagglutinability, antirationality, approachability, bioavailability, carcinogenicity, communicability, complementarity, compressibility, confidentiality, contemporaneity, contemptibility, contractibility, controllability, conventionality, decomposability, demonstrability, destructibility, disreputability, distractibility, dorsiventrality, dorsoventrality, ethnocentricity, exchangeability, heterosexuality, hypermutability, hyperreactivity, hypnotizability, impenetrability, imperishability, imponderability, inaccessibility, inadmissibility, inapplicability, incalculability, incomparability, incompatibility, incorrigibility, indefeasibility, indefectibility, indefensibility, indigestibility, indissolubility, ineffaceability, ineradicability, inexplicability, inextricability, instrumentality, intellectuality, intelligibility, interfraternity, interuniversity, intervisibility, invulnerability, irreformability, irrefragability, irrepealability, irresistibility, irreversibility, maintainability, maneuverability, marriageability, merchantability, microseismicity, monospecificity, monosyllabicity, nonavailability, nonflammability, nucleophilicity, overfamiliarity, oversensitivity, programmability, proportionality, psychosexuality, pyroelectricity, recognizability, reconcilability, rememberability, reproducibility, superplasticity, suppressibility, thermostability, transferability, translatability, unacceptability, unanswerability, unassailability, unchangeability, unemployability, viscoelasticity16-letter wordsbiocompatibility, biodegradability, commensurability, companionability, consequentiality, discriminability, electrophilicity, exceptionability, exterritoriality, ferroelectricity, flibbertigibbety, generalizability, homoscedasticity, hydroelectricity, hyperrationality, hypersensitivity, immunoreactivity, impermissibility, imperturbability, impracticability, incombustibility, inconceivability, incontestability, inconvertibility, incorruptibility, indefatigability, indispensability, inexhaustibility, inexpressibility, insubstantiality, insusceptibility, internationality, interoperability, interpretability, irreplaceability, irrepressibility, irresponsibility, irretrievability, knowledgeability, monochromaticity, multicellularity, noncommutativity, noncomparability, nondeductibility, perpendicularity, photosensitivity, piezoelectricity, pronounceability, quasiperiodicity, radiosensitivity, reprehensibility, representativity, semipermeability, stereoregularity, substitutability, supersensitivity, supranationality, thermoplasticity, transmissibility, transportability, triboelectricity, unaccountability, ungrammaticality, unpredictability, unsubstantiality17-letter wordscircumstantiality, comprehensibility, constitutionality, cytopathogenicity, differentiability, disrespectability, electronegativity, hyperemotionality, hyperexcitability, hyperirritability, impressionability, incommunicability, indestructibility, interavailability, intersubjectivity, irreconcilability, irreproachability, irreproducibility, nonenforceability, photoconductivity, stereospecificity, superconductivity, thermoelectricity, thermoperiodicity, transplantability, tridimensionality, unapproachability, unconscionability, uncontrollability, unconventionality, understandability, unidimensionality, unintelligibility, untranslatability18-letter wordsanthropocentricity, distinguishability, histocompatibility, hypercoagulability, incommensurability, inconsequentiality, interchangeability, microcrystallinity19-letter wordsextraterritoriality, hypersusceptibility, incomprehensibility, interconvertibility, multidimensionality, unconstitutionality20-letter wordsindistinguishability21-letter wordsintersubstitutability22-letter wordsintercomprehensibility1868 wordsWords ending in ty with their base words:unity - base word = unitymajority - base word = majortotality - base word = totalmediocrity - base word = mediocredeformity - base word = deformclarity - base word = clear
What is the objective of the republic act no. 9155?
AN ACT INSTITUTING A FRAME WORK OF GOVERNANCE FOR BASIC EDUCATION, ESTABLISHING AUTHORITY AND ACCOUNTABILITY, RENAMING THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, CULTURE AND SPORTS AS THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSESBe it enacted by the Senate and the House of Representatives of the Philippines in Congress assembled:Section 1. Short Title. - This Act shall be known as the "Governance of Basic Education Act of 2001."Section 2. Declaration of Policy. - It is hereby declared the policy of the State to protect and promote the right of all citizens to quality basic education and to make such education accessible to all by providing all Filipino children a free and compulsory education in the elementary level and free education in the high school level. Such education shall also include alternative learning systems for out-of-school youth and adult learners. It shall be the goal of basic education to provide them with the skills, knowledge and values they need to become caring, seIf-reliant, productive and patriotic citizens.The school shall be the heart of the formal education system. It is where children learn. Schools shall have a single aim of providing the best possible basic education for all learners.Governance of basic education shall begin at the national level it is at the regions, divisions, schools and learning centers herein referred to as the field offices - where the policy and principle for the governance of basic education shall be translated into programs, projects and services developed, adapted and offered to fit local needs.The State shall encourage local initiatives for improving the quality of basic education. The State shall ensure that the values, needs and aspirations of a school community are reflected in the program of education for the children, out-of-school youth and adult learners. Schools and learning centers shall be empowered to make decisions on what is best for the learners they serve.Section 3. Purposes and Objectives. - The purposes and objectives of this Act are:(a) To provide the framework for the governance of basic education which shall set the general directions for educational policies and standards and establish authority, accountability and responsibility for achieving higher learning outcomes;(b) To define the roles and responsibilities of and provide resources to, the field offices which shall implement educational programs, projects and services in communities they serve;(c) To make schools and learning centers the most important vehicle for the teaching and learning of national values and for developing in the Filipino learners love of country and pride in its rich heritage;(d) To ensure that schools and learning centers receive the kind of focused attention they deserve and that educational programs, projects and services take into account the interests of all members of the community;(e) To enable the schools and learning centers to reflect the values of the community by allowing teachers/learning facilitators and other staff to have the flexibility to serve the needs of all learners;(f) To encourage local initiatives for the improvement of schools and learning centers and to provide the means by which these improvements may be achieved and sustained; and(g) To establish schools and learning centers as facilities where schoolchildren are able to learn a range of core competencies prescribed for elementary and high school education programs or where the out-of-school youth and adult learners are provided alternative learning programs and receive accreditation for at least the equivalent of a high school education.Section 4. Definition of Terms. - For purposes of this Act, the terms or phrases used shall mean or be understood as follows:(a) Alternative Learning System -is a parallel learning system to provide a viable alternative to the existing formal education instruction. It encompasses both the nonformal and informal sources of knowledge and skills;(b) Basic Education - is the education intended to meet basic learning needs which lays the foundation on which subsequent learning can be based. It encompasses early childhood, elementary and high school education as well as alternative learning systems four out-of-school youth and adult learners and includes education for those with special needs;(c) Cluster of Schools - is a group of schools which are geographically contiguous and brought together to improve the learning outcomes;(d) Formal Education - is the systematic and deliberate process of hierarchically structured and sequential learning corresponding to the general concept of elementary and secondary level of schooling. At the end of each level, the learner needs a certification in order to enter or advance to the next level;(e) Informal Education - is a lifelong process of learning by which every person acquires and accumulates knowledge, skills, attitudes and insights from daily experiences at home, at work, at play and from life itself;(f) Integrated School. - is a school that offers a complete basic education in one school site and has unified instructional program;(g) Learner - is any individual seeking basic literacy skills and functional life skills or support services for the improvement of the quality of his/her life;(h) Learning Center - is a physical space to house learning resources and facilities of a learning program for out-of-school youth and adults. It is a venue for face-to-face learning and activities and other learning opportunities for community development and improvement of the people's quality of life;(i) Learning Facilitator - is the key learning support person who is responsible for supervising/facilitating the learning process and activities of the learner;(j) Non-Formal Education - is any organized, systematic educational activity carried outside the framework of the formal system to provide selected types of learning to a segment of the population;(k) Quality Education - is the appropriateness, relevance and excellence of the education given to meet the needs and aspirations of an individual and society;(I) .School - is an educational institution, private and public, undertaking educational operation with a specific age-group of pupils or students pursuing defined studies at defined levels, receiving instruction from teachers, usually located in a building or a group of buildings in a particular physical or cyber site; and(m) .School Head - is a person responsible for the administrative and instructional supervision of the school or cluster of schools.CHAPTER 1GOVERNANCE OF BASIC EDUCATIONSection 5. Principles of Shared Governance. - (a) Shared governance is a principle which recognizes that every unit in the education bureaucracy has a particular role, task and responsibility inherent in the office and for which it is principally accountable for outcomes;(b) The process of democratic consultation shall be observed in the decision-making process at appropriate levels. Feedback mechanisms shall be established to ensure coordination and open communication of the central office with the regional, division and school levels;(c) The principles of accountability and transparency shall be operationalized in the performance of functions and responsibilities at all levels; and(d) The communication channels of field offices shall be strengthened to facilitate flow of information and expand linkages with other government agencies, local government units and nongovernmental organizations for effective governance.Section 6. Governance. - The Department of Education, Culture and Sports shall henceforth be called the Department of Education. It shall be vested with authority, accountability and responsibility for ensuring access to, promoting equity in, and improving the quality of basic education. Arts, culture and sports shall be as provided for in Sections 8 and 9 hereof.Section 7. Powers, Duties and Functions. - The Secretary of the Department of Education shall exercise overall authority and supervision over the operations of the Department.A. National Level In addition to his/her powers under existing laws, the Secretary of Education shall have authority, accountability and responsibility for the following:(1) Formulating national educational policies;(2) Formulating a national basic education plan;(3) Promulgating national educational Standards;(4) Monitoring and assessing national learning outcomes;(5) Undertaking national educational research and studies;(6) Enhancing the employment status, professional competence, welfare and working conditions of all personnel of the Department; and(7) Enhancing the total development of learners through local and national programs and/or projects.The Secretary of Education shall be assisted by not more than four (4) undersecretaries and not more than four (4) assistant secretaries whose assignments, duties and responsibilities shall be governed by law. There shall be at least one undersecretary and one assistant secretary who shall be career executive service officers chosen from among the staff of the Department.B. Regional LevelThere shall be as many regional offices as may be provided by law. Each regional office shall have a director, an assistant director and an office staff for program promotion and support, planning, administrative and fiscal services.Consistent with the national educational policies, plans and standards, the regional director shall have authority, accountability and responsibility for the following:(1) Defining a regional educational policy framework which reflects the values, needs and expectations of the communities they serve;(2) Developing a regional basic education plan;(3) Developing regional educational standards with a view towards bench-marking for international competitiveness;(4) Monitoring, evaluating and assessing regional learning outcomes;(5) Undertaking research projects and developing and managing region wide projects which may be funded through official development assistance and/or or other finding agencies;(6) Ensuring strict compliance with prescribed national criteria for the recruitment, selection and training of all staff in the region and divisions.(7) Formulating, in coordination with the regional development council, the budget to support the regional educational plan which shall take into account the educational plans of the divisions and districts;(8) Determining the organization component of the divisions and districts and approving the proposed staffing pattern of all employees in the divisions and districts;(9) Hiring, placing and evaluating all employees in the regional office, except for the position of assistant director;(10) Evaluating all schools division superintendents and assistant division superintendents in the region;(II) Planning and managing the effective and efficient use of all personnel, physical and fiscal resources of the regional office, including professional staff development.;(12) Managing the database and management information system of the region;(13) Approving the establishment of public and private elementary and high schools and learning centers; and(14) Preforming such other functions as may be assigned by proper authorities.C. Division LevelA division shall consist of a province or a city which shall have a schools division superintendent, at least one assistant schools division superintendent and an office staff for programs promotion, planning, administrative, fiscal, legal, ancillary and other support services.Consistent with the national educational policies, plans and standards the schools division superintendents shall have authority, accountability and responsibility for the following:(1) Developing and implementing division education development plans;(2) Planning and managing the effective and efficient use of all personnel, physical and fiscal resources of the division, including professional staff development;(3) Hiring, placing and evaluating all division supervisors and schools district supervisors as well as all employees in the division, both teaching and non-teaching personnel, including school heads, except for the assistant division superintendent;(4) Monitoring the utilization of funds provided by the national government and the local government units to the schools and learning centers;(5) Ensuring compliance of quality standards for basic education programs and for this purpose strengthening the role of division supervisors as subject area specialists;(6) Promoting awareness of and adherence by all schools and learning centers to accreditation standards prescribed by the Secretary of Education;(7) Supervising the operations of all public and private elementary, secondary and integrated schools, and learning centers; and(8) Performing such other functions as may be assigned by proper authorities.D. Schools District LevelUpon the recommendation of the schools division superintendents, the regional director may establish additional schools district within a schools division. School districts already existing at tile time of the passage of the law shall be maintained. A schools district shall have a schools district supervisor and an office staff for program promotion.The schools district supervisor shall be responsible for:(1) Providing professional and instructional advice and support to the school heads and teachers/facilitators of schools and learning centers in the district or cluster thereof;(2) Curricula supervision; and(3) Performing such other functions as may be assigned by proper authorities.E. School LevelThere shall be a school head for all public elementary schools and public high schools or a cluster thereof. The establishment of integrated schools from existing public elementary and public high schools shall be encouraged.The school head, who may be assisted by an assistant school head, shall be both an instructional leader and administrative manager. The school head shall form a them with the school teachers/learning facilitators for delivery of quality educational programs, projects and services. A core of nonteaching staff shall handle the school's administrative, fiscal and auxiliary services.Consistent with the national educational policies, plans and standards, the school heads shall have authority, accountability and responsibility for the following:(1) Setting the mission, vision, goals and objectives of the school;(2) Creating an environment within the school that is conducive to teaching and learning;(3) Implementing the school curriculum and being accountable for higher learning outcomes;(4) Developing the school education program and school improvement plan;(5) Offering educational programs, projects and services which provide equitable opportunities for all learners in the community;(6) Introducing new and innovative modes of instruction to achieve higher learning outcomes;(7) Administering and managing all personnel, physical and fiscal resources of the school;(8) Recommending the staffing complement of the school based on its needs;(9) Encouraging staff development;(10) Establishing school and community networks and encouraging the active participation of teachers organizations, nonacademic personnel of public schools, and parents-teachers-community associations;(11) Accepting donations, gifts, bequests and grants for the purpose of upgrading teachers' learning facilitators' competencies, improving ad expanding school facilities and providing instructional materials and equipment. Such donations or grants must be reported to the appropriate district supervisors and division superintendents; and(12) Performing such other functions as may be assigned by proper authorities.The Secretary of Education shall create a promotions board, at the appropriate levels, which shall formulate and implement a system of promotion for schools decision supervisors, schools district supervisors, and school heads. Promotion of school heads shall be based on educational qualification, merit and performance rather than on the number of teachers/learning facilitators and learners in the school.The qualifications, salary grade, status of employment and welfare and benefits of school heads shall be the same for public elementary, secondary and integrated schools.No appointment to the positions of regional directors, assistant regional directors, schools division superintendents and assistant schools division superintendents shall be made unless file appointee is a career executive service officer who preferably shall have risen from the ranks.CHAPTER 2TRANSFER OF CULTURAL AGENCIESSEC. 8. Cultural Agencies. - The Komisyon ng Wikang Pilipino, National Historical Institute, Records Management and Archives Office and the National Library shall now be administratively attached to the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) and no loner with the Department of Education. The program for school arts and culture shall remain part of the school curriculum.CHAPTER 3ABOLITION OF THE BUREAU OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SCHOOL SPORTSSection 9. Abolition of BPESS. - All functions, programs and activities of the Department of Education related to sports competition shall be transferred to the Philippine Sports Commission (PSC). The program for school sports and physical fitness shall remain part of the basic education curriculum.The Bureau of Physical Education and School Sports (BPESS) is hereby abolished. The personnel of the BPESS, presently detailed with the PSC, are hereby transferred to the PSC without loss of rank, including the plantilla positions they occupy. All other BPESS personnel shall be retained by the Department.CHAPTER 4SUPPORT AND ASSISTANCE OF OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIESSection 10. The Secretary of Education and the Secretary of Budget and Management shall, within ninety (90) days from the approval of this Act, jointly promulgate the guidelines on the allocation, distribution and utilization of resources provided by thenational government for the field offices, taking into consideration the uniqueness of the working conditions of the teaching service.The Secretary of the Department of Education shall ensure that resources appropriated for the field offices are adequate and that resources for school personnel, school desks and textbooks and other instructional materials intended are allocated directly and released immediately by the Department of Budget and Management to said offices.Section 11. The Secretary of the Department of Education, subject to civil service laws and regulations, shall issue appropriate personnel policy rules and regulations that will best meet the requirements of the teaching profession taking into consideration the uniqueness of the working conditions of the teaching service.Section 12. The Commission on Audit, in the issuance of audit rules and regulations that will govern the utilization of all resources as well as the liquidation, recording and reporting thereof, shall take into account the different characteristics and distinct features of the department's field offices, its organizational set up as well as the nature of the operations of schools and learning centers.CHAPTER 5FINAL PROVISIONSSection 13. Governance in the ARMM; - The Regional Education Secretary for the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) shall exercise similar governance authority over the divisions, districts, schools and learning centers in the region as may be provided in the Organic Act. without prejudice to the provisions of Republic Act No. 9054, entitled "An Act to Strengthen and Expand tile Organic Act for the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, Amending for the Purpose Republic Act No.6734, entitled' An Act Providing for the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, as amended"'.Section 14. Rules and Regulations. - The Secretary of Education shall promulgate the implementing rules and regulations within ninety (90) days after the approval of this Act: Provided, That the Secretary of Education shall fully implement the principle of shared governance within two (2) years after the approval of this Act.Section 15. Separability Clause. - If for any reason, any portion or provision of this Act shall be declared unconstitutional, other parts or provisions hereof which are not affected thereby shall continue to be in full force and effect.Section 16 Repealing Clause. - All laws, decrees, executive orders, rules and regulations, part or parts thereof, inconsistent with the provisions of this Act, are hereby repealed or modified accordingly.Section 17. Effectivity Clause. - This Act. shall take effect fifteen (15) days following its publication in at least two (2) newspapers of general circulation.Approved,(Sgd)FRANKLIN M. DRILONPresident of the Senate(Sgd)JOSE DE VENECIA, JR.Speaker of the House of Representatives(Sgd)OSCAR G. YARESSecretary of the Senate(Sgd)ROBERTO P. NAZARENOSecretary GeneralHouse of RepresentativesApproved: August 11, 2001(Sgd)GLORIA MACAPAGAL-ARROYOPresident of the Philippines
What is RA 9160?
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9160 September 29, 2001AN ACT DEFINING THE CRIME OF MONEY LAUNDERING, PROVIDING PENALTIES THEREFOR AND FOR OTHER PURPOSESBe it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in Congress assembled:Section 1. Short Title. - This Act shall be known as the "Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2001."Section 2. Declaration of Policy. - It is hereby declared the policy of the State to protect and preserve the integrity and confidentiality of bank accounts and to ensure that the Philippines shall not be used as a money laundering site for the proceeds of any unlawful activity. Consistent with its foreign policy, the State shall extend cooperation in transnational investigations and prosecutions of persons involved in money laundering activities whenever committed.Section 3. Definitions. For purposes of this Act, the following terms are hereby defined as follows:(a) "Covered Institution" refers to:(1) banks, non-banks, quasi-banks, trust entities, and all other institutions and their subsidiaries and affiliates supervised or regulated by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP);(2) Insurance companies and all other institutions supervised or regulated by the Insurance Commission; and(3) (i) securities dealers, brokers, salesmen, investment houses and other similar entities managing securities or rendering services as investment agent, advisor, or consultant, (ii) mutual funds, close and investment companies, common trust funds, pre-need companies and other similar entities, (iii) foreign exchange corporations, money changers, money payment, remittance, and transfer companies and other similar entities, and (iv) other entities administering or otherwise dealing in currency, commodities or financial derivatives based thereon, valuable objects, cash substitutes and other similar monetary instruments or property supervised or regulated by Securities and Exchange Commission.(b) "Covered transaction" is a single, series, or combination of transactions involving a total amount in excess of Four million Philippine pesos (Php4,000,000.00) or an equivalent amount in foreign currency based on the prevailing exchange rate within five (5) consecutive banking days except those between a covered institution and a person who, at the time of the transaction was a properly identified client and the amount is commensurate with the business or financial capacity of the client; or those with an underlying legal or trade obligation, purpose, origin or economic justification.It likewise refers to a single, series or combination or pattern of unusually large and complex transactions in excess of Four million Philippine pesos (Php4,000,000.00) especially cash deposits and investments having no credible purpose or origin, underlying trade obligation or contract.(c) "Monetary Instrument" refers to:(1) coins or currency of legal tender of the Philippines, or of any other country;(2) drafts, checks and notes;(3) securities or negotiable instruments, bonds, commercial papers, deposit certificates, trust certificates, custodial receipts or deposit substitute instruments, trading orders, transaction tickets and confirmations of sale or investments and money marked instruments; and(4) other similar instruments where title thereto passes to another by endorsement, assignment or delivery.(d) "Offender" refers to any person who commits a money laundering offense.(e) "Person" refers to any natural or juridical person.(f) "Proceeds" refers to an amount derived or realized from an unlawful activity.(g) "Supervising Authority" refers to the appropriate supervisory or regulatory agency, department or office supervising or regulating the covered institutions enumerated in Section 3(a).(h) "Transaction" refers to any act establishing any right or obligation or giving rise to any contractual or legal relationship between the parties thereto. It also includes any movement of funds by any means with a covered institution.(l) "Unlawful activity" refers to any act or omission or series or combination thereof involving or having relation to the following:(1) Kidnapping for ransom under Article 267 of Act No. 3815, otherwise known as the Revised Penal Code, as amended;(2) Sections 3, 4, 5, 7, 8 and 9 of Article Two of Republic Act No. 6425, as amended, otherwise known as the Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972;(3) Section 3 paragraphs B, C, E, G, H and I of Republic Act No. 3019, as amended; otherwise known as the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act;(4) Plunder under Republic Act No. 7080, as amended;(5) Robbery and extortion under Articles 294, 295, 296, 299, 300, 301 and 302 of the Revised Penal Code, as amended;(6) Jueteng and Masiao punished as illegal gambling under Presidential Decree No. 1602;(7) Piracy on the high seas under the Revised Penal Code, as amended and Presidential Decree No. 532;(8) Qualified theft under, Article 310 of the Revised Penal Code, as amended;(9) Swindling under Article 315 of the Revised Penal Code, as amended;(10) Smuggling under Republic Act Nos. 455 and 1937;(11) Violations under Republic Act No. 8792, otherwise known as the Electronic Commerce Act of 2000;(12) Hijacking and other violations under Republic Act No. 6235; destructive arson and murder, as defined under the Revised Penal Code, as amended, including those perpetrated by terrorists against non-combatant persons and similar targets;(13) Fraudulent practices and other violations under Republic Act No. 8799, otherwise known as the Securities Regulation Code of 2000;(14) Felonies or offenses of a similar nature that are punishable under the penal laws of other countries.Section 4. Money Laundering Offense. - Money laundering is a crime whereby the proceeds of an unlawful activity are transacted, thereby making them appear to have originated from legitimate sources. It is committed by the following:(a) Any person knowing that any monetary instrument or property represents, involves, or relates to the proceeds of any unlawful activity, transacts or attempts to transact said monetary instrument or property.(b) Any person knowing that any monetary instrument or property involves the proceeds of any unlawful activity, performs or fails to perform any act as a result of which he facilitates the offense of money laundering referred to in paragraph (a) above.(c) Any person knowing that any monetary instrument or property is required under this Act to be disclosed and filed with the Anti-Money Laundering Council (AMLC), fails to do so.Section 5. Jurisdiction of Money Laundering Cases.- The regional trial courts shall have jurisdiction to try all cases on money laundering. Those committed by public officers and private persons who are in conspiracy with such public officers shall be under the jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan.Section 6. Prosecution of Money Laundering. -(a) Any person may be charged with and convicted of both the offense of money laundering and the unlawful activity as herein defined.(b) Any proceeding relating to the unlawful activity shall be given precedence over the prosecution of any offense or violation under this Act without prejudice to the freezing and other remedies provided.Section 7. Creation of Anti-Money Laundering Council (AMLC). - The Anti-Money Laundering Council is hereby created and shall be composed of the Governor of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas as chairman, the Commissioner of the Insurance Commission and the Chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission as members. The AMLC shall act unanimously in the discharge of its functions as defined hereunder:(1) to require and receive covered transaction reports from covered institutions;(2) to issue orders addressed to the appropriate Supervising Authority or the covered institution to determine the true identity of the owner of any monetary instrument or property subject of a covered transaction report or request for assistance from a foreign State, or believed by the Council, on the basis of substantial evidence to be in whole or in part, whenever located, representing, involving, or related to, directly or indirectly, in any manner or by any means, the proceeds of an unlawful activity;(3) to institute civil forfeiture proceedings and all other remedial proceedings through the Office of the Solicitor General;(4) to cause the filing of complaints with the Department of Justice or the Ombudsman for the prosecution of money laundering offenses;(5) to initiate investigations of covered transactions, money laundering activities and other violations of this Act;(6) to freeze any monetary instrument or property alleged to be proceed of any unlawful activity;(7) to implement such measures as may be necessary and justified under this Act to counteract money laundering;(8) to receive and take action in respect of, any request from foreign states for assistance in their own anti-money laundering operations provided in this Act;(9) to develop educational programs on the pernicious effects of money laundering, the methods and techniques used in money laundering, the viable means of preventing money laundering and the effective ways of prosecuting and punishing offenders; and(10) to enlist the assistance of any branch, department, bureau, office, agency or instrumentality of the government, including government-owned and -controlled corporations, in undertaking any and all anti-money laundering operations, which may include the use of its personnel, facilities and resources for the more resolute prevention, detection and investigation of money laundering offenses and prosecution of offenders.Section 8. Creation of a Secretariat. - The AMLC is hereby authorized to establish a secretariat to be headed by an Executive Director who shall be appointed by the Council for a term of five (5) years. He must be a member of the Philippine Bar, at least thirty-five (35) years of age and of good moral character, unquestionable integrity and known probity. All members of the Secretariat must have served for at least five (5) years either in the Insurance Commission, the Securities and Exchange Commission or the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) and shall hold full-time permanent positions within the BSP.Section 9. Prevention of Money Laundering; Customer Identification Requirements and Record Keeping. -(a) Customer Identification, - Covered institutions shall establish and record the true identity of its clients based on official documents. They shall maintain a system of verifying the true identity of their clients and, in case of corporate clients, require a system of verifying their legal existence and organizational structure, as well as the authority and identification of all persons purporting to act on their behalf.The provisions of existing laws to the contrary notwithstanding, anonymous accounts, accounts under fictitious names, and all other similar accounts shall be absolutely prohibited. Peso and foreign currency non-checking numbered accounts shall be allowed. The BSP may conduct annual testing solely limited to the determination of the existence and true identity of the owners of such accounts.(b) Record Keeping - All records of all transactions of covered institutions shall be maintained and safely stored for five (5) years from the date of transactions. With respect to closed accounts, the records on customer identification, account files and business correspondence, shall be preserved and safety stored for at least five (5) years from the dates when they were closed.(c) Reporting of Covered Transactions. - Covered institutions shall report to the AMLC all covered transactions within five (5) working days from occurrence thereof, unless the Supervising Authority concerned prescribes a longer period not exceeding ten (10) working days.When reporting covered transactions to the AMLC, covered institutions and their officers, employees, representatives, agents, advisors, consultants or associates shall not be deemed to have violated Republic Act No. 1405, as amended; Republic Act No. 6426, as amended; Republic Act No. 8791 and other similar laws, but are prohibited from communicating, directly or indirectly, in any manner or by any means, to any person the fact that a covered transaction report was made, the contents thereof, or any other information in relation thereto. In case of violation thereof, the concerned officer, employee, representative, agent, advisor, consultant or associate of the covered institution, shall be criminally liable. However, no administrative, criminal or civil proceedings, shall lie against any person for having made a covered transaction report in the regular performance of his duties and in good faith, whether or not such reporting results in any criminal prosecution under this Act or any other Philippine law.When reporting covered transactions to the AMLC, covered institutions and their officers, employees, representatives, agents, advisors, consultants or associates are prohibited from communicating, directly or indirectly, in any manner or by any means, to any person, entity, the media, the fact that a covered transaction report was made, the contents thereof, or any other information in relation thereto. Neither may such reporting be published or aired in any manner or form by the mass media, electronic mail, or other similar devices. In case of violation thereof, the concerned officer, employee, representative, agent, advisor, consultant or associate of the covered institution, or media shall be held criminally liable.Section 10. Authority to Freeze. - Upon determination that probable cause exists that any deposit or similar account is in any way related to an unlawful activity, the AMLC may issue a freeze order, which shall be effective immediately, on the account for a period not exceeding fifteen (15) days. Notice to the depositor that his account has been frozen shall be issued simultaneously with the issuance of the freeze order. The depositor shall have seventy-two (72) hours upon receipt of the notice to explain why the freeze order should be lifted. The AMLC has seventy-two (72) hours to dispose of the depositor's explanation. If it falls to act within seventy-two (72) hours from receipt of the depositor's explanation, the freeze order shall automatically be dissolved. The fifteen (15)-day freeze order of the AMLC may be extended upon order of the court, provided that the fifteen (15)-day period shall be tolled pending the court's decision to extend the period.No court shall issue a temporary restraining order or writ of injunction against any freeze order issued by the AMLC except the Court of Appeals or the Supreme Court.Section 11. Authority to inquire into Bank Deposits. - Notwithstanding the provisions of Republic Act No. 1405, as amended; Republic Act No. 6426, as amended; Republic Act No. 8791, and other laws, the AMLC may inquire into or examine any particular deposit or investment with any banking institution or non-bank financial institution upon order of any competent court in cases of violation of this Act when it has been established that there is probable cause that the deposits or investments involved are in any way related to a money laundering offense: Provided, That this provision shall not apply to deposits and investments made prior to the effectivity of this Act.Section 12. Forfeiture Provisions. -(a) Civil Forfeiture. - When there is a covered transaction report made, and the court has, in a petition filed for the purpose ordered seizure of any monetary instrument or property, in whole or in part, directly or indirectly, related to said report, the Revised Rules of Court on civil forfeiture shall apply.(b) Claim on Forfeited Assets. - Where the court has issued an order of forfeiture of the monetary instrument or property in a criminal prosecution for any money laundering offense defined under Section 4 of this Act, the offender or any other person claiming an interest therein may apply, by verified petition, for a declaration that the same legitimately belongs to him and for segregation or exclusion of the monetary instrument or property corresponding thereto. The verified petition shall be filed with the court which rendered the judgment of conviction and order of forfeiture, within fifteen (15) days from the date of the order or forfeiture, in default of which the said order shall become final and executory. This provision shall apply in both civil and criminal forfeiture.(c) Payment in Lieu of Forfeiture. - Where the court has issued an order of forfeiture of the monetary instrument or property subject of a money laundering offense defined under Section 4, and said order cannot be enforced because any particular monetary instrument or property cannot, with due diligence, be located, or it has been substantially altered, destroyed, diminished in value or otherwise rendered worthless by any act or omission, directly or indirectly, attributable to the offender, or it has been concealed, removed, converted or otherwise transferred to prevent the same from being found or to avoid forfeiture thereof, or it is located outside the Philippines or has been placed or brought outside the jurisdiction of the court, or it has been commingled with other monetary instruments or property belonging to either the offender himself or a third person or entity, thereby rendering the same difficult to identify or be segregated for purposes of forfeiture, the court may, instead of enforcing the order of forfeiture of the monetary instrument or property or part thereof or interest therein, accordingly order the convicted offender to pay an amount equal to the value of said monetary instrument or property. This provision shall apply in both civil and criminal forfeiture.Section 13. Mutual Assistance among States. -(a) Request for Assistance from a Foreign State. - Where a foreign State makes a request for assistance in the investigation or prosecution of a money laundering offense, the AMLC may execute the request or refuse to execute the same and inform the foreign State of any valid reason for not executing the request or for delaying the execution thereof. The principles of mutuality and reciprocity shall, for this purpose, be at all times recognized.(b) Power of the AMLC to Act on a Request for Assistance from a Foreign State. - The AMLC may execute a request for assistance from a foreign State by: (1) tracking down, freezing, restraining and seizing assets alleged to be proceeds of any unlawful activity under the procedures laid down in this Act; (2) giving information needed by the foreign State within the procedures laid down in this Act; and (3) applying for an order of forfeiture of any monetary instrument or property in the court: Provided, That the court shall not issue such an order unless the application is accompanied by an authenticated copy of the order of a court in the requesting State ordering the forfeiture of said monetary instrument or properly of a person who has been convicted of a money laundering offense in the requesting State, and a certification of an affidavit of a competent officer of the requesting State stating that the conviction and the order of forfeiture are final and then no further appeal lies in respect or either.(c) Obtaining Assistance from Foreign States. - The AMLC may make a request to any foreign State for assistance in (1) tracking down, freezing, restraining and seizing assets alleged to be proceeds of any unlawful activity; (2) obtaining information that it needs relating to any covered transaction, money laundering offense or any other matter directly or indirectly, related thereto; (3) to the extent allowed by the law of the Foreign State, applying with the proper court therein for an order to enter any premises belonging to or in the possession or control of, any or all of the persons named in said request, and/or search any or all such persons named therein and/or remove any document, material or object named in said request: Provided, That the documents accompanying the request in support of the application have been duly authenticated in accordance with the applicable law or regulation of the foreign State; and (4) applying for an order of forfeiture of any monetary instrument or property in the proper court in the foreign State: Provided, That the request is accompanied by an authenticated copy of the order of the regional trial court ordering the forfeiture of said monetary instrument or property of a convicted offender and an affidavit of the clerk of court stating that the conviction and the order of forfeiture are final and that no further appeal lies in respect of either.(d) Limitations on Request for Mutual Assistance. - The AMLC may refuse to comply with any request for assistance where the action sought by the request contravenes any provision of the Constitution or the execution of a request is likely to prejudice the national interest of the Philippines unless there is a treaty between the Philippines and the requesting State relating to the provision of assistance in relation to money laundering offenses.(e) Requirements for Requests for Mutual Assistance from Foreign State. - A request for mutual assistance from a foreign State must (1) confirm that an investigation or prosecution is being conducted in respect of a money launderer named therein or that he has been convicted of any money laundering offense; (2) state the grounds on which any person is being investigated or prosecuted for money laundering or the details of his conviction; (3) gives sufficient particulars as to the identity of said person; (4) give particulars sufficient to identity any covered institution believed to have any information, document, material or object which may be of assistance to the investigation or prosecution; (5) ask from the covered institution concerned any information, document, material or object which may be of assistance to the investigation or prosecution; (6) specify the manner in which and to whom said information, document, material or object detained pursuant to said request, is to be produced; (7) give all the particulars necessary for the issuance by the court in the requested State of the writs, orders or processes needed by the requesting State; and (8) contain such other information as may assist in the execution of the request.(f) Authentication of Documents. - For purposes of this Section, a document is authenticated if the same is signed or certified by a judge, magistrate or equivalent officer in or of, the requesting State, and authenticated by the oath or affirmation of a witness or sealed with an official or public seal of a minister, secretary of State, or officer in or of, the government of the requesting State, or of the person administering the government or a department of the requesting territory, protectorate or colony. The certificate of authentication may also be made by a secretary of the embassy or legation, consul general, consul, vice consul, consular agent or any officer in the foreign service of the Philippines stationed in the foreign State in which the record is kept, and authenticated by the seal of his office.(g) Extradition. - The Philippines shall negotiate for the inclusion of money laundering offenses as herein defined among extraditable offenses in all future treaties.Section 14. Penal Provisions. -(a) Penalties for the Crime of Money Laundering. The penalty of imprisonment ranging from seven (7) to fourteen (14) years and a fine of not less than Three million Philippine pesos (Php 3,000,000.00) but not more than twice the value of the monetary instrument or property involved in the offense, shall be imposed upon a person convicted under Section 4(a) of this Act.The penalty of imprisonment from four (4) to seven (7) years and a fine of not less than One million five hundred thousand Philippine pesos (Php 1,500,000.00) but not more than Three million Philippine pesos (Php 3,000,000.00), shall be imposed upon a person convicted under Section 4(b) of this Act.The penalty of imprisonment from six (6) months to four (4) years or a fine of not less than One hundred thousand Philippine pesos (Php 100,000.00) but not more than Five hundred thousand Philippine pesos (Php 500,000.00), or both, shall be imposed on a person convicted under Section 4(c) of this Act.(b) Penalties for Failure to Keep Records. The penalty of imprisonment from six (6) months to one (1) year or a fine of not less than One hundred thousand Philippine pesos (Php 100,000.00) but not more than Five hundred thousand Philippine pesos (Php 500,000.00), or both, shall be imposed on a person convicted under Section 9(b) of this Act.(c) Malicious Reporting. Any person who, with malice, or in bad faith, report or files a completely unwarranted or false information relative to money laundering transaction against any person shall be subject to a penalty of six (6) months to four (4) years imprisonment and a fine of not less than One hundred thousand Philippine pesos (Php 100,000.00) but not more than Five hundred thousand Philippine pesos (Php 500,000.00), at the discretion of the court: Provided, That the offender is not entitled to avail the benefits of the Probation Law.If the offender is a corporation, association, partnership or any juridical person, the penalty shall be imposed upon the responsible officers, as the case may be, who participated in the commission of the crime or who shall have knowingly permitted or failed to prevent its commission. If the offender is a juridical person, the court may suspend or revoke its license. If the offender is an alien, he shall, in addition to the penalties herein prescribed, be deported without further proceedings after serving the penalties herein prescribed. If the offender is a public official or employee, he shall, in addition to the penalties prescribed herein, suffer perpetual or temporary absolute disqualification from office, as the case may be;Any public official or employee who is called upon to testify and refuses to do the same or purposely fails to testify shall suffer the same penalties prescribed herein.(d) Breach of Confidentiality. The punishment of imprisonment ranging from three (3) to eight (8) years and a fine of not less than Five hundred thousand Philippine pesos (Php 500,000.00) but not more than One million Philippine pesos (Php 1,000,000.00), shall be imposed on a person convicted for a violation under Section 9(c).Section 15. System of Incentives and Rewards. - A system of special incentives and rewards is hereby established to be given to the appropriate government agency and its personnel that led and initiated an investigation, prosecution and conviction of persons involved in the offense penalized in Section 4 of this Act.Section 16. Prohibitions Against Political Harassment. - This Act shall not be used for political prosecution or harassment or as an instrument to hamper competition in trade and commerce.No case for money laundering may be filed against and no assets shall be frozen, attached or forfeited to the prejudice of a candidate for an electoral office during an election period.Section 17. Restitution. - Restitution for any aggrieved party shall be governed by the provisions of the New Civil Code.Section 18. Implementing Rules and Regulations. - Within thirty (30) days from the effectivity of this Act, the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, the Insurance Commission and the Securities and Exchange Commission shall promulgate the rules and regulations to implement effectivity the provisions of this Act. Said rules and regulations shall be submitted to the Congressional Oversight Committee for approval.Covered institutions shall formulate their respective money laundering prevention programs in accordance with this Act including, but not limited to, information dissemination on money laundering activities and its prevention, detection and reporting, and the training of responsible officers and personnel of covered institutions.Section 19. Congressional Oversight Committee. - There is hereby created a Congressional Oversight Committee composed of seven (7) members from the Senate and seven (7) members from the House of Representatives. The members from the Senate shall be appointed by the Senate President based on the proportional representation of the parties or coalitions therein with at least two (2) Senators representing the minority. The members from the House of Representatives shall be appointed by the Speaker also based on proportional representation of the parties or coalitions therein with at least two (2) members representing the minority.The Oversight Committee shall have the power to promulgate its own rules, to oversee the implementation of this Act, and to review or revise the implementing rules issued by the Anti-Money Laundering Council within thirty (30) days from the promulgation of the said rules.Section 20. Appropriations Clause. - The AMLC shall be provided with an initial appropriation of Twenty-five million Philippine pesos (Php 25,000,000.00) to be drawn from the national government. Appropriations for the succeeding years shall be included in the General Appropriations Act.Section 21. Separability Clause. - If any provision or section of this Act or the application thereof to any person or circumstance is held to be invalid, the other provisions or sections of this Act, and the application of such provision or section to other persons or circumstances, shall not be affected thereby.Section 22. Repealing Clause. - All laws, decrees, executive orders, rules and regulations or parts thereof, including the relevant provisions of Republic Act No. 1405, as amended; Republic Act No. 6426, as amended; Republic Act No. 8791, as amended and other similar laws, as are inconsistent with this Act, are hereby repealed, amended or modified accordingly.Section 23. Effectivity. - This Act shall take effect fifteen (15) days after its complete publication in the Official Gazette or in at least two (2) national newspapers of general circulation.The provisions of this Act shall not apply to deposits and investments made prior to its effectivity.Approved,(Sgd)
