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Sigmund.
Sigmund Freud's wife's maiden name was Martha Bernays.
Freud invented psychoanalysis.
They undermined the notion that behavior is fundamentally rational.
Sigmund Freud is known for his pioneering work in psychoanalysis, developing theories on the unconscious mind, defense mechanisms, and the structure of the mind (id, ego, superego). His work revolutionized the field of psychology and had a lasting impact on how mental health is understood and treated. Freud's theories continue to influence psychology, psychiatry, and cultural discourse to this day.
Psychoanalytic criticism in literature, which draws on Freud's theories of the unconscious mind, repression, and symbolism, is most reflective of his influence. This approach analyzes characters and themes in literature through a psychological lens, exploring hidden motivations and desires. Additionally, the concept of the uncanny, as explored by Freud, is often utilized in literary analysis to examine themes of repression and the return of the repressed in storytelling.
In Freud's model of the personality, the social part is known as the ego. The ego operates on the reality principle, balancing the demands of the id, superego, and external world to make practical and rational decisions. It develops as a person interacts with the external world and helps manage conflicts between instinctual desires and societal norms.
Sigmund Freud's ideas were not universally accepted because they were controversial and challenged prevailing beliefs about human behavior and psychology. Additionally, his ideas were often difficult to test and confirm through empirical research. Freud's emphasis on unconscious processes, sexuality, and childhood experiences also clashed with the norms of his time, leading to skepticism and criticism from many in the scientific community.
The id is the element of Freud's personality theory that is guided by the pleasure principle. It operates on the basis of seeking immediate satisfaction of basic desires, without considering consequences or morality.
Joseph Gicklhorn has written: 'Sigmund Freuds akademische Laufbahn im Lichte der Dokumente'
Freud's life experiences, such as his early work with patients suffering from neurological disorders, his self-analysis of his own dreams, and personal struggles with anxiety and depression, all influenced his theoretical constructs. His upbringing in a Jewish family in Vienna, his interest in literature and philosophy, as well as his interactions with prominent figures in the scientific community, also shaped his development of psychoanalytic theory. Additionally, Freud's own unconscious conflicts and desires likely played a role in the development of concepts such as the Oedipus complex.
According to Freud's theory of personality, our primitive and instinctual motives are contained in the id. The id operates on the pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification of desires, without considering the consequences. The id is present from birth and is driven by basic biological urges.