The Torah
Yes, the Torah is the basic text of Judaism, containing its beliefs and laws.
Judaism is not a sacred text, it is a religion and that religion happens to have a sacred text. To learn more about Judaism's Sacred Text, read the Related Question.
If it's in the Torah, it's basic to Judaism.
The equivalent sacred text in Islam to the Torah in Judaism is the Quran.
The Koran is the religious text of Islam. The Torah is the core religious text of Judaism. Neither are places.
Judaism
Torah
Yes.
Judaism
The Tanakh (Jewish Bible).
Judaism and Christianity.
Yes.