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Contrast in microscopy refers to the ability of the specimen to be distinguished from its background. Techniques such as staining, phase contrast, and differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy can enhance contrast in microscopy.
Introduction to basic techniques in microscopy involves light microscopy, laser scanning, types of dyes, the cell, electron microscopy, differential interface microscopy, histological stains and histochemical stains.
Electron microscopy; Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEM). The vacuum required for electron microscopy to work correctly precludes the observation of living organisms. Biological samples must be dried then coated with a conductive metal.
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Transmission microscopy and reflection microscopy refer to type of illumination used to view the object of interest in the microscope. Reflected light microscopy, also called episcopic illumination or just epi-illumination, uses top-down lighting to illuminate the specimen and the light is reflected back from the specimen to the viewer. This type of illumination is most often used with opaque specimens like metallurgical samples. Transmitted light microscopy, also called diascopic illumination, uses bottom-up illumination where the light is transmitted through the specimen to the viewer. This type of illumination is most often used with translucent specimens like biological cells. Detailed information about microscopes can be found at these links: Microscopy Primer - Florida State University Reflected Light Microscopy Optical Pathway - Java interactive image Transmitted Light Microscopy Optical Pathway - Java interactive image
Light microscopy uses visible light to observe specimens and is suitable for studying living organisms and tissues in more detail, while electron microscopy uses a beam of electrons to provide higher resolution images of specimens at a greater magnification, making it ideal for visualizing ultrastructural details of cells and tissues. Light microscopy is better suited for routine lab work and observing larger structures, while electron microscopy is more specialized and requires specific sample preparation techniques.
Dark field microscopy (dark ground microscopy) describes microscopy methods, in both light and electron microscopy, which exclude the unscattered beam from the image. As a result, the field around the specimen (i.e. where there is no specimen to scatter the beam) is generally dark.
Dark field microscopy illuminates the specimen from the side, causing light to scatter off the specimen and appear bright against a dark background. Light field microscopy illuminates the specimen from below, causing light to pass through the specimen and appear dark against a bright background.
Dark field microscopy (dark ground microscopy) describes microscopy methods, in both light and electron microscopy, which exclude the unscattered beam from the image. As a result, the field around the specimen (i.e. where there is no specimen to scatter the beam) is generally dark.
W. G. Hartley has written: 'How to use a microscope' -- subject(s): Microscopes, Microscopy 'The light microscope' -- subject(s): History, Microscope and microscopy, Microscopy
Most viruses cannot be seen by light microscopy because they are much smaller than the wavelength of visible light, making them invisible to the human eye when using this type of microscope.